Deepak Kumar v. Santosh Rani
!"#
$$ % &'('# (
!"! #$%$&'
#()('(*'(+,-./('$ #'0$(11$22(&' )**&+,+-./,#$ 0$ (3(#- -('$- 4
5 1(%%$- 67 '0$ '# //8-$&'
2(8+%#86*&(2,9(#&(2:
#%0#','0$#86*&(2;0(%6$$&(%%(82$-67'0$ -#8.$#</*+<#$=8%'$#$-3&$# '0#$$30$$2$#%6$(#8&=#$=8%'#('8&% <>?< 5:0$#$8&( '$##$ $##$-'(%'0$
$&-8&=.$08/2$;(&-< >?<
0$ (/'%$+(&('8&= #+'0$#$/#-(#$'0('&
4, !*6$ !8&=0 (2&= 38'0 #$+ !8&=0 (&- 0(#+$&-$# 3(% -#8.8&= ( +'#/7/2$6$(#8&=#$=8%'#('8&<?
<5 5 &08%3(78'8%(22$=$- '0(''0#$$30$$2$#6$(#8&=#$=8%'#('8& <>?<
(''(/0$-38'0 /&/#$'$+8@$#=#8&-$#-#8.$&67$$1(A9*+(#:#$%1&-$&' 6$ #$ '0$#86*&(2;%'#*/A'0$+'#/7/2$22'0$#8-$#% '0$+'#/7/2$ $22 -3&!*6$!8&=0%*%'(8&$-8&)*#8$%(&--8$-(''0$%1'4 -('$-
43(%#$=8%'$#$-&'0$%'('$+$&' (3(&%& #$+!8&=0 :6#'0$# '0$-$/$(%$-;
/2(8+ 1$'8'8& 3(% 82$- /2(8+8&= /+1$&%('8& *&-$# !$/'8& BB '0$ '#"$08/2$%/', 55:
#%0#','0$/';0$
2238&=8%%*$%3$#$ #(+$-67'0$#86*&(2
D0$'0$#'0$(//8-$&'8&E*$%'8&/(*%8&=-$('0 !*6$ !8&=0'A12(/$-*$'#(%0(&-&$=28=$&'-#8.8&=
'0#$$<30$$2$# 6$(#8&= #$=8%'#('8& <>?<
D0$'0$#'0$/2(8+(&'%(#$$&'8'2$-'/+1$&%('8&,8 %, '30('(+*&'(&- #+30+F 4 D0$'0$#'0$'0#$$<30$$2$#8&E*$%'8&3(%6$8&=-#8.$& (=(8&%''0$'$#+%(&-/&-8'8&% 8&%*#(&/$128/7(&- 1#.8%8&% '#"$08/2$%/'F< > $28$ G 0$-8%1*'$8&'0$1#$%$&'(11$(28%&2738'0#$=(#-'8%%*$ 0$#86*&(2/(+$''0$/&/2*%8&'0(''0$(//8-$&'3(%#$%*2'
#(%0(&-&$=28=$&'-#8.8&=
$&-8&=.$08/2$ 0$/(%$ '0$(11$22(&'8%'0(''0$(//8-$&'3(%(/'*(227 /(*%$-67'0#$$30$$2$#6$(#8&=#$=8%'#('8&<>?<
(&-&'67 '0$
$&-8&=.$08/2$ $(#-2$(#&$-/*&%$2 #'0$(11$22(&'(&-1$#*%$-'0$#$/#- $(#&$-/*&%$2 #'0$(11$22(&'(#=*$%'0('(3(&9*+(#,& 30%$%'('$+$&''0$3(%#$=8%'$#$-08+%$2 -$1%$-6$ #$'0$#86*&(2 '0('8&'0$0$-$%/#86$-'0$#$=8%'#('8&&*+6$# '0$'0#$$30$$2$# 308/0/(*%$-'0$(//8-$&'(%<>?<
30$#$(%+8%'(A$&27'0$128/$ &'$--3&'0$#$=8%'#('8&&*+6$#
$&-8&=.$08/2$0$(#=*+$&'
8%'0('&/$'0$38'&$%% '0$/2(8+(&'%8%-$1%8&='0(''0$
$&-8&=
4 .$08/2$3(%&'8&.2.$-,'0$#86*&(2$##$-8&/+8&=''0$/&/2*%8& '0(''0$
$&-8&=.$08/2$/(*%$-'0$(//8-$&' $ #$-$(28&=38'0'0$/&'$&'8&#(8%$-672$(#&$-/*&%$2
#'0$(11$22(&',8'3*2-6$1$#'8&$&''&'$'0('8'8%(%'#(&=$ /< 8&/8-$&/$'0(''0#$$30$$2$#6$(#8&=#$=8%'#('8&<>?<
(&-'0$
$&-8&=.$08/2$(#$3&$-67'0$%(+$1$#%&0$/2(8+(&'%'A& %'$1% ' #$/'8 7 '0$ +8%'(A$ /++8''$- 8& #$/#-8&= '0$ 30$#$8& (22$=$-27'0$#$=8%'#('8&&*+6$#3(%3#&=27+$&'8&$-.$&'0$-#8.$# (&-'0$#$=8%'$#$-3&$#
$&-8&=.$08/2$(.(82$-&#$+$-8$%' /0(22$&=$ '0$ (/' '0(' 8& '0$ , #$=8%'#('8& &*+6$# 3(% 3#&=27 +$&'8&$-'0*=0'0$(11$22(&''A08%-$ $&/$8&/#8+8&(21#/$$-8&=% 0$#$ 8% (&'0$# (%1$/' '0$ +(''$# 308/0 0(% &' 6$$& -8%1*'$-672$(#&$-/*&%$2 #'0$(11$22(&''0(''0$
$&-8&=.$08/2$3(% &'8&%*#$-,30$#$(%'0$'0#$$30$$2$#6$(#8&=#$=8%'#('8&<>?<
3(%-*278&%*#$- 0$/&'$&'8&#(8%$-672$(#&$-/*&%$2 #'0$(11$22(&'8% &' 3$22 *&-$- #+'0$ , 8' 8% $.8-$&' '0(' (3(& 9*+(# =' #$=8%'$#$-'0$%'('8&='0('0$3(%'0$18228-$#38'0!*6$!8&=0(' '0$'8+$ (//8-$&'(&-'0$&*+6$#
$&-8&=.$08/2$3(%+$&'8&$- (%<>?< 5:'0*=08&'0$(3(#-8'8%+$&'8&$-(%<>?< 5; '0(%&'6$$&(#=*$-'0('&&$ '0$%$'0#$$30$$2$#%3$#$8&.2.$-8& '0$(//8-$&'0$$&'8#$/(%$%$'*18%'0('8'3(%&''0$
$&-8&=.$08/2$ 6*'3(%'0#$$30$$2$#6$(#8&=#$=8%'#('8&<>?<
308/0/(*%$- '0$(//8-$&'(&-8'3(%(''(/0$-38'0/&/#$'$+8@$#&'0$,8'0(%&' 6$$& +$&'8&$- '0(' '0$
$&-8&= .$08/2$ 3(% (''(/0$- 38'0 /&/#$'$ +8@$#0$107%8/(2-$%/#81'8&=8.$&8&'0$-$%&'+('/038'0'0$
> .$08/2$/2(8+$-'6$8&.2.$-8&'0$(//8-$&' 0$#$8%&$@12(&('8&
#'0/+8&=(%'03(3(&9*+(#(&-'0$128/$1$#%&&$2A&$3'0(''0$
$&-8&=.$08/2$3(%3&$-67$$1(A9*+(#(&-'0$+8%'(A$3(%%*/0 '0(''0$&*+6$# .$08/2$308/03(%3#&=27&'$-3(%(2%3&$-67 $$1(A9*+(# 0$ (/E*8''(2 8& /#8+8&(2 1#/$$-8&=% 3822 &' (
$/' '0$
8&-8&=%#$/#-$-67'0$#86*&(2&'0$/#8+8&(21#/$$-8&=%,'0$&*%8% 0$(.7.$&6$&$ 8' -*6'6(82%*''0$(//*%$-30$#$(%8&/(%$%*&-$# '0$/','0$8%%*$8%'6$-$/8-$-&'*/0%'&$ 1#$1&-$#(&/$
1#6(6828'8$%0$ 8&-8&=%#$/#-$-67'0$#86*&(2&8%%*$ (#$ #$1#-*/$-6$23 ##$(-7#$ $#$&/$
> $ #$ (-.$#'8&= ' '0$ E*$%'8& 30$'0$# #(%0H &$=28=$&'-#8.8&=67#$%1&-$&' 3(% '0$(//8-$&',2$'*%%$'('#$%''0$/&'#.$#%738'0 #$=(#-''0$8-$&'8'7 '0$.$08/2$%1$#@ ,'0$ .$08/2$8&.2.$-8&'0$(//8-$&'3(%<>?< 5 308/08%('0#$$<30$$2$#(''(/0$-38'0(/&/#$'$+8@$# 0$1$'8'8&$#%12$(-'0('(/'*(227'0$(//8-$&'0(-'(A$& 12(/$38'0<>?<
(&-8'8%'08%&*+6$#308/0 3(%+$&'8&$-67 8#%'8& #+(&'6*'128/$+8%'(A$&27 &'$- 8' (% <>?< 5 D0$& (3(&, 8#%'
8& #+(&',%'$11$-8&'0$38'&$%%6@,0$#$8'$#('$-'0('0$ 0(-#$.$(2$-/##$/'&*+6$#8&08%%'('$+$&'6*'128/$ +8%'(A$&27&'$-8'(%<>?< 53$.$#,'08%8%8& /&'#(-8/'8&''0$ 8&(2#$1#'*&-$#!$/'8& 4 '0$ -$ #8+8&(2 #/$-*#$ (% 1$# 308/0, '0$ 8#%'
? 8& #+(&'(11#(/0$-'0$128/$%'('8&&
4(&- 8& #+$-'0('-*$'-$('0 08%6#'0$#,0$3(%/& *%$- (&-38'0'0('%'('$ +8&-0$0(-3#&=27+$&'8&$- #$=8%'#('8& &*+6$# '0$
$&-8&= .$08/2$ (% <>?< 530$#$(%8'3(% <>?<
0$ /&'#(-8/'8&+(72A/%+$'8/6*'8'8%#$(20$ (/'
#$+(8&%'0('6'0.$08/2$%(#$'0#$$30$$2$#%3&$-67 #$%1&-$&' ,(26$8',(%/2(8+$-6708+0$0(-%2- '0#$$<30$$2$# 6$(#8&= #$=8%'#('8& <>?< 5 6$ #$'0$(//8-$&''&$(%08+ $'*%%A81'0$-$'(82% '0$(22$=$-'#(&%(/'8&6$'3$$&#$%1&-$&' (&- (%08+0$E*$%'8&308/08%+#$#$2$.(&'8%(%'8 '0$
8#%'8& #+(&'3(%%/& *%$-&(//*&' -$('0 08% 6#'0$#'0('0$+8@$-*1'3.$08/2$%,03/*2-8'6$'0(' #$=8%'#('8&&*+6$#(/'*(227'2-6708+'128/$+('/0$- 8& (22 -$'(82% 38'0 (&'0$# .$08/2$ '0$ %(+$ &('*#$ 3&$-67#$%1&-$&'F ,03$.$#,'0$ 8#%'8& #+(&'0(- /##$/'27+$&'8&$-#$=8%'#('8&&*+6$#
$&-8&= .$08/2$(%8%&36$8&=/2(8+$-6708+,(E*$%'8&(#8%$% (%'&30('6(%8%128/$#$/#-$-8'3#&=F&'0$# E*$%'8&8%(%' #+30$#$-8-128/$=$'#$=8%'#('8& &*+6$# (&'0$#.$08/2$3&$-67#$%1&-$&' 6-70(%(&7$@12(&('8&$@/$1''0('#$%1&-$&'
(&- 8#%'8& #+(&'(#$ #+'0$%(+$.822(=$08%,'+7 +8&-,8%&$@12(&('8&3<(<-(7%#$=8%'#('8&&*+6$#% '0$ .$08/2$% (#$ &' % %0#' '0(' (&76-7 3*2-
B #$+$+6$#'0$+670$(#'0$#$*%$-'6$'8+$%30$&&27
$31$#%&% 8& ( .822(=$3$#$0(.8&= .$08/2$%' 3(% *&-$#%'(&-(62$ '0(' $.$#76-7 3*2- 0(.$ 6$$& #$+$+6$#8&=#$=8%'#('8&&*+6$#% '0%$.$08/2$%6*'
30$&1#(/'8/(227$.$#78&-8.8-*(2&33&8&=(.$08/2$,8' 8% &' $(%7 ' #$+$+6$# #$=8%'#('8& &*+6$#% '0$ .$08/2$%3&$-67'0$#%'8%,'0$#$ #$,&')*%'(/< 8&/8-$&/$ '0(' '0$ 8#%' 8& #+(&' +$&'8&$- /##$/'
#$=8%'$#$- &*+6$# (&'0$# '0#$$ 30$$2$# 3&$- 67 #$%1&-$&' 0$+(''$#3*2-0(.$6$$&%8+12$0(- '0$'0#$$<30$$2$#6$(#8&=#$=8%'#('8&<>?< 5 6$$& 8&%*#$- $(#&$- /*&%$2 # #$%1&-$&'
/&/$-$-('6(#'0('8%&'8&%*#$-'0*=0,0$(--$-'0(' 0(.8&=(2#$(-7%2-8',0$0(%&/&/$#&(%'30$'0$#8'8% 8&%*#$-#&''%$$+%'0(''0$(//8-$&'(/'*(2270(11$&$- 38'0'0#$$<30$$2$#6$(#8&=#$=8%'#('8&<>?< 5 6*'%8&/$8'3(%&'8&%*#$-,#$%1&-$&' 3(%(62$' /&.8&/$'0$1$'8'8&$#%'0('8'38226$$(%7 #'0$+'=$'
/+1$&%('8& #+8&%*#(&/$/+1(&78 '0$7(=#$$' %38'/0'0$.$08/2$38'0(&'0$#.$08/2$3&$-6708+' '0$%(+$'8+$,#$%1&-$&' (%'3<1#&=$-%'#('$=7 (11$(#%'0(.$%'#*/A*1&'0$8-$( %038&=%(2$
'0#$$<30$$2$#67 (6#8/('8&=(
8-(.8'8&6(/A-('$0$ 128/$
8/$# 8&.$%'8=('8&= '0$ /(%$ (11$(#% ' 0(.$ 6$/+$38228&=1(#'7''0$$&'8#$=(+$(&-'0$.8/'8+8% &' )*%' 8&%*#(&/$ /+1(&7 6*' (2% )*%'8/$ 0$
8&.$%'8=('8&=
8/$# 3(% &' &(I.$ (% ' 0(.$ 628&-27 (//$1'$-'0$.$#%8& 8#%'8& #+(&''0('-*$'-$('0
08%6#'0$#0$,*' /& *%8&,0(-=8.$&#$=8%'#('8& &*+6$# (&'0$#.$08/2$3&$-67#$%1&-$&' 0$ (/'#$+(8&%'0('0$1#$'$&-$-(%8 30('$.$#3(% 6$8&=-&$3(%8&#*'8&$3$.$#,'0$#86*&(23822&' %0*'8'%$7$%'3822&'#$+(8&(+*'$%1$/'('#''0$'#8/A 6$8&= (1128$- *&%/#*1*2*%27 ' %*6.$#' '0$ /(*%$
)*%'8/$)*%' # 8&(&/8(2=(8&%
?22%(8-(&--&$,'0$#$8%&#$(%&'6*7'0$%'#7 /&//'$- 67 '0$ 1$'8'8&$#% (&- #$%1&-$&' 8& /&&8.(&/$38'0128/$'0(''0$(//8-$&'3(%/(*%$-67 '0#$$<30$$2$#6$(#8&=#$=8%'#('8&<>?<
6*'
3082$=$''8&=#$/#-$-,'0$ 8#%'8& #+(&',308% 6#'0$# '0$ -$/$(%$- =' /& *%$- (&-, +$&'8&$- #$=8%'#('8&&*+6$# '0$.$08/2$(%<>?< 50$ +(''$#3*2-0(.$6$$&-8
$#$&'0(-'0$#$6$$&/& *%8& (6*'&$#'3-8=8'%0('/*2-0(-6$$&(''#86*'$-' /& *%8&6*'%38'/08&= '0$.$08/2$(2'=$'0$#/(&&'6$ *' /& *%8&'/(&&2767-$%8=&(%8&'08%/(%$'8% (/'*(227'0#$$<30$$2$#6$(#8&=#$=8%'#('8&<>?< 5308/0/(*%$-'0$(//8-$&'(&-'0$#$8%&'#$(%&' -*6''0$.$#%8& '0$ 8#%'8& #+(&''0('8'3(%6$8&= -#8.$&67#$%1&-$&' 8&#(%0H&$=28=$&'+(&&$#0$ 8%%*$%'(&-%-$/8-$-(//#-8&=27G &.8$3 '0$ (/'%(&-/8#/*+%'(&/$% '0$/(%$,&%0(-3
5 /(&6$/(%'*1&'0$ 8&-8&=%#$/#-$-67'0$#86*&(238'0#$=(#-' 8&.2.$+$&'
$&-8&=.$08/2$ 0$(11$(26$8&=38'0*'(&7+$#8'8%-8%+8%%$- )**&+,+-. ,0.* 5?
+A D0$'0$#%1$(A8&=H#$(%&$-
$%H D0$'0$##$1#'(62$
$%H