High Court of Punjab and HaryanaCWP/6109/1999dismissed

Kamlesh Joshi v. Union Of India And ORS

2025-07-24Mr. Justice Vinod S. Bhardwaj12 pages

CWP-6109-1999 (O&M)

# KAMLESH JOSHI

UNION OF INDIA AND OTHERS $ %&$ '( ' ) *****

! "#!

$! % &

% $

! ! '

( ))))) ( ' )+ , -./ * ! +,,- .! /' ! 0

. .! $ ! /

$ !

$ ! ! !% $ 1 % $ ! ! ! ! . $ $2

' 3 4 / 1,,5 !. $ / !

! ! / !

! ! 6

. ! . +,,- '

.! $ $ '

1 7$ $ ' ! !

! ! ! ! /

$ ! $!! 7$ ! 8$ +1+ ! ! ! / ! 6 . $ !

$ !/ /

! 7$ 9 $/'!% $ ! ! !

'3 .! ! 1 !% $ 9 . $ !$/ / .

8$ !% $ !! . +,,- ! ..'/'

! / / ! ! !. $ / . $ !$ /

/'!

( ! $ !! !$ $

! / :/'.' !

7$ ' $ ' ! ! ! !8$ !% $ ; ! !3 6/ $ % $ ! <

/ ! !! 8$ ! 8$ !3 6/ $ % $ !

!"### "#$#

! .! !:$ / /$ ! :!$ ! . $ / ! 7$ / ! / . ( ! !

(

!: ,,,- ! ! / #! . +,,- ! !$/!! !

' .' ! .! $ ! .

+ % $ ! ( > ?$ 3 ' ! .

! !

( '

@ $ ! 1,-(

.! ! / 1 ! % $ 9 9 $

! ! ' $ ! . A

.! . $/8

!' '!

$ $ 8$ / !/ !

! ! %

! B 3 ' C ! .

!. $ $ ! ! !

@ 3 $ ! / 7$ ! !. $ //$ ! !. A

! ! $ ! !!

'$ /

$ $ 49 -1-,,,. $ 5 - ! %

5 4 / ! ! D$ ;!

! ! $ *! ! !

+ # *8 ! / #!

' $ 1 A !!D$ 1-,,-3 ! * /'! ! ! ! @

' 3 ' ! ' $/ $ ! ! . $/

$/ $' '

! $ ! %

$ $ ! / ! #!: ! 8$ ! * /' ! ! $ (( % % !$

" #

$ % &

"# '

( '

) ! !

$ % &

!" !

! !

! ! "

" "

+ % , E $ ! /' ! F$ .!! !$ - ! !

" "# !" '

(

. ! "

!" ! /!

012

( ) 3

4' 5

" 12 6 ! ( ! 78

!" !

G 2

;

< < : 1!2 "

!" < < : 12

5 -

" 7 -

" !

! " #

( /

/!"

! !" '

(

, 1= 2 G 9!$ !! / . ! $

$! 2! ! ! .!!. !

H$/ 6 ! / ! F$ ! $ ./ !

5 ! '3 $ ! ! . ! !

! / $!

! . ' $ 7$ ' 5 9 ! !

% $ /! !

! !

$! ! $

.!! .

!8$ /'!% $

! - 2! ! $ !! !

' 3 ' $!!!/ /'!% $ ! ! $ ! ! / '

$ $ !* ! @ $!

!: $!$

. $ / !!

' 3 '.! !/ 2! ! ! * ! ! $ (( % % ! / ! F$$ ! %

$ !!

'$! $ ! 0

! ! ! !* / !#! / !/' ' $

! /'!BI

!! !

'!$/ $'

/ ! $ . .!! . $ / / .

8$ ' ' $! $ / / !.

8$ !3!% $

- , ! $ /'! $ .!! ! . / .!! .. $ /* : $

!#!3 6/ $ % $ ! %&

,2352/ 2 ' "

+ .

! . .!! ! $ ' #! ! !$ "9. The tests for determining as to when a corporation can be said to be an instrumentality or agency of Government may now be culled out from the judgment in the International Airport Authority case [(1979) 3 SCC 489] . These tests are not conclusive or clinching, but they are merely indicative indicia which have to be used with care and caution, because while stressing the necessity of a wide meaning to be placed on the expression "other authorities", it must be realised that it should not be stretched so far as to bring in every autonomous body which has some nexus with the Government within the sweep of the expression. A wide enlargement of the meaning must be tempered by a wise limitation. We may summarise the relevant tests gathered from the decision in the International Airport Authority case [(1979) 3 SCC 489] as follows:

"(1) One thing is clear that if the entire share capital of the corporation is held by Government, it would go a long way towards indicating that the corporation is an

, instrumentality or agency of Government. (SCC p. 507, para 14)

(2) Where the financial assistance of the State is so much as to meet almost entire expenditure of the corporation, it would afford some indication of the corporation being impregnated with Governmental character. (SCC p. 508, para 15)

(3) It may also be a relevant factor ...

whether the corporation enjoys monopoly status which is State conferred or State protected. (SCC p. 508, para 15)

(4) Existence of deep and pervasive State control may afford an indication that the corporation is a State agency or instrumentality. (SCC p. 508, para 15)

(5) If the functions of the corporation are of public importance and closely related to Governmental functions, it would be a relevant factor in classifying the corporation as an instrumentality or agency of Government. (SCC p. 509, para 16) (6) 'Specifically, if a department of Government is transferred to a corporation, it would be a strong factor supportive of this inference'

of the corporation being an instrumentality or agency of Government." (SCC p. 510, para 18) If on a consideration of these relevant factors it is found that the corporation is an instrumentality or agency of Government, it would,

as pointed out in the International Airport Authority case [(1979) 3 SCC 489] , be an "authority" and, therefore, 'State' within the meaning of the expression in Article 12.

!" !

! '

( "= & ! !. ! $. $$ !! ! ! / $

: /' ! . $ $

!$! $ / /'!BI; ! : $

/' !BI

'9 $ * ! : $ ' : ! $ : #! $

! ' ! /' ! BI #!$ 7$ ! ! . $ / / .

: ! .!! ! . $ / ! / !

! 7$ ! #! ! ! 8$ !3 6/ $ % $ ! !:$ / ! . $ /

! !

:/' $ $ 7$ ' 1 I 7$ '

% $ ! !

! /!:$ / B

'! / . ' : / /' ' #! / !$ $ ! ' 9 ! !

! 7$ /

! / #! / . : !

! !: $ ! < ! / = 3 .! ! /:$ .!! ' . $ / #!.!$ ! 6 $ ! .

' #! 8$ !$ /' ! ! ! $ ! ! #! .

! .

! :$ / ! . $ /

. $

! ! ! 9 ! ! ! !

! / :$ /

! / 9 $ $!! .

$ ! %

$ .! !

.!! @ #!$ ! . $ / /

$ / ! /

1 (

! $! ! ' ! / 7$ ! /' ! F$ 8$ +1+ ! .

! /' . $ $ ! !

@ / * $! ' .! ! ' ! / #! . $ 7$ $ 7$ ' + 9 ! '

'! ! .! /' ! !/ !

! !! / ! ! ! .

$ $ !!/$

7$ / ! ! .!: ' 7$ !

. $ ! #!

/ $ !$ .

$ $ ' $! 8 3 $ $ ! / /'! @ #! ! $ +,,- !$ #! .

,( ' )/ & + !

# >

2!! * A

JA 2!! / JA