M/S Libra Auto Car Ltd v. Pspcl And ANR.
!" "#$%$&'
!" "#$%$&'
!" "#$%$&'
!" "#$%$&'
( ( ( (
)*%+$,- .! -+$/$!"0 "!$!$&"- 1% .&2 , ! !" 3"- -4- !$& +$/$!"05 )5 $6$%$&5 +.07$ & &0 &!7"- "%4&0"&!% )'8 +)99) )'8 +)99) )'8 +)99) )'8 +)99) -"%"&!' )-7 !- !7506# !"5
-!7"4"!$!$&"- 99)5 99)5 99)5 99)5 7" $%%." $&6:6"0 $& !7$% 4"!$!$& $% % ! 37"!7"- !7" -0"- %%"%%/"&!-"; -0$&;.& .!7-$<"0.%" ":"#!-$#$!=4 %%"0.&0"- "#!$& > !7" :"#!-$#$!= #!5
?
- %7-! @!7" #!8A &0 : .%" > B#C !7".&2 ,! !":"#!-$#$!=";.: !-=//$%%$&B:"#!-$#$!= .44:= 0" &0 ": !"0 ) !!"-%C5 ";.: !$&%5
?
- %7-! @!7" ";.: !$&%8A3.:0,"$::"; : &0&&"%!$ $!$%4 %%"0,"=&0 4"-$0 0 =%D 7" ,-$"
#!% !7" # %" -" !7 ! !7" 4"!$!$&"- 7 % !7" ":"#!-$#$!=#&&"#!$&," -$&;*#9E>* !%4-"/$%"%3 %$&%4"#!"0 &
50.-$&;37$#7$!7 %,""& .&0!7 !!7"4"!$!$&"-7 %,""& $&0.:;$&;$&.& .!7-$<"0.%" ":"#!-$#$!=7"4"!$!$&"-3 %%"-6"03$!7 4-6$%$& : -0"- %%"%%/"&! $& !"-/% "#!$& >BC !7" #! %F$&;$!!4 = G*$&!7"
$#" 00:H5)., $6$%$&5 +5 +.07$ & 7" 4"!$!$&"- 3 % :% $& -/"0 !7 ! $! / = $:"
,2"#!$&%!!7"-0"- !7"4-6$%$& : %%"%%/"&!3$!7$& 4"-$0 0 =% -/ !7" 0 !" -"#"$4! &!$#"5 37 3.:0 4-6$0" 7$/ 4"-%& : 7" -$&;3$!7$&E0 =% !7"%.,/$%%$& $!%-"4:= &0!7" %%"%%/"&!3.:0,"4 %%"0&:= !"-4"-%& :7" -$&; !7"4"!$!$&"-,= !7" %%"%%$&;
$#"- !!- &%4$-"% -/!7"4:" 0$&;% !7"4"!$!$&!7 !!7"4"!$!$&"- 0$0&! $:" &=,2"#!$&!!7"-0"- 4-6$%$& : %%"%%/"&!7" -0"- %%"%%/"&!3 %!7.%4 %%"0&G>
%F$&;!7"4"!$!$&"-!4 = !7"% /" /.&!3$!7$& 4"-$0 0 =% !7"% $0-0"-,.!&3$&!7"
$#" ** $%!-$,.!$&., $6$%$&5 BC5)5+.07$ & 7" 4"!$!$&"-3 % :%$& -/"0!7 !$ $!$%&!% !$% $"03$!7!7" $& :-0"-!7"& $!/ =4-"
"- & 44" :3$!7$& 4"-$0 E0 =%!!7" 44":: !" .!7-$!=
!"-0"4%$!$&;* !7" $& : %%"%%"0 /.&!$&# %7-,=3 = , &F 0- ! 3$!7 + $&#:.0$&; 0#./"&! -= "6$0"&#" 3$!7 !7" 44" : 7" 4"!$!$&"- $:"0!7" 44" :,"
-"!7" ) 7".&2 ,! !"3"--4- !$&+$/$!"0B-"%4&0"&!C
$:"0(
E
,"
-"!7$%.-! ::";$&;!7 !!7" 44" :,"
-" !7" ) 3 % &! / $&! $& ,:" & !7" % $0 4-#""0$&;%5 !7" 4"!$!$&"- %.,/$!!"0!7 !!7"-"6$%$&," ::3"0 &0$!/ =,"4"-/$!!"0! 44- #7 !7":"#!-$#$!= "4.!=//$%%$&"-B"&"- :C,=3 = 44" : ; $&%!!7"
$& : %%"%%/"&!-0"-7"% $0-"6$%$&3 % ::3"07"$/4.;&"0-0"- !7"-"$& 0 !"0
3 % %"! %$0" &0 !7" 4"!$!$&"- 3 % 4"-/$!!"0 ! 44- #7#&#"-&"000$!$& : "4.!=//$%%$&"-B"&"- :C,=3 = & 44" :3$!7$& 4"-$0 4 %%$&; !7"-0"-$"
E7"-"
!"-!7"4"!$!$&"- $:"0!7" 44" :$&!"-/% "#!$&
!7"#! ; $&%!!7"-0"-0 !"0G>
&!7" 44" :5!7"4"!$!$&"-7 0 :%- $%"0 &$%%."!7 !!7"0"4 -!/"&!7 0&!%"&!!7"4-6$%$& : &0 -0"-3$!7$&!7"4-"%#-$,"0!$/"5!7"-"
-"5!7"-"%4&0"&!%7 06$: !"0!7" $&%!-.#!$&% 7" 44" : $:"0 ,= !7" 4"!$!$&"- 3 % 0$%/$%%"0 6$0" -0"- 0 !"0 >
$&37$#7!7" 44":: !" .!7-$!=7 %,%"-6"0!7 !!7"&& -"#"$4! !7"&!$#"%53$!7$&!7"%!$4.: !"0!$/"53.:0&!-"&0"-!7"-0"- .& .!7-$<"0.%" ":"#!-$#$!= %&.; !-= +" -&"0#.&%": -!7"4"!$!$&"-7 %%.,/$!!"0!7 !4 %%$&; !7"-0"- $& : %%"%%/"&!3$!7$& 4"-$0 %"-6$#" !7"-0"- 4-6$%$& : %%"%%/"&!$%4-6$0"0$&"#!$& >BC &0: .%"> B#C !7"";.: !$&%37"-" %$&!7"4-"%"&!# %"!7"-0"- 4-6$%$& : %%"%%/"&!7 %,""&4 %%"0&(
&0!7" %%"%%/"&!7 %,""&4 %%"0&G>
"7 % :%-":$"0.4& 0"#$%$& !7$%.-!-"&0"-"0$&!7"# %" I /$&;7 I /$&;7 I /$&;7 I /$&;71%.&2 ,! !"3"- .&2 ,! !"3"- .&2 ,! !"3"- .&2 ,! !"3"- -4- !$& &0!7"-%J -4- !$& &0!7"-%J -4- !$& &0!7"-%J -4- !$& &0!7"-%J
(B CB$6$:C (>$&37$#7$!7 %,""&7":0 !7 !!7"4-6$%$&% "#!$& !7"#! -"/ &0 !-=$&& !.-" 7 6"7" -0:" -&"0#.&%": -!7"4"!$!$&"- &04"-.%"0!7" 6 $: ,:"-"#-03$!77$% ,:" %%$%! &#" &-0"-! 44-"#$ !"!7" -;./"&!%- $%"0,=:" -&"0#.&%":
-!7"4"!$!$&"-$&-"; -0!"#!$& !7"#! &0: .%"> B#C !7"";.: !$&%5$!3.:0,"-":"6 &!!-"
"-!!7"4-6$%$&% "#!$& >BC !7" #! &0 : .%" > B#C !7" ";.: !$&%5 37$#7 -" 0 % .&0"-' I >BC >BC >BC >BC7"4"-%&5&37/ &-0"-7 % ,""& %"-6"0 .&0"- %.,%"#!$& B C %7 :: ,"
( "&!$!:"0! $:",2"#!$&%5$ &=5 ; $&%!!7" 4-6$%$& : %%"%%/"&! ,"
-" !7" %%"%%$&;
$#"-5 37 %7 ::5
!"-
-0$&; -" %& ,:" 44-!.&$!= 7" -$&; ! %.#7 4"-%&5 4 %% $& : -0"- %%"%%/"&! 3$!7$&!7$-!=0 =% %"-6$#" %.#7 -0"- 4-6$%$& : %%"%%/"&! !7" ":"#!-$#$!=#7 -;"%4 = ,:",=%.#74"-%&AJ I> B > B > B > B#C !7" %%"%%$&;
$#"- $% %!$:: !7" 6$"3 !7 ! .& .!7-$<"0 .%" ":"#!-$#$!= 7 % ! F"& 4: #"5 7" %7 :: !"- 4-6$0$&; &44-!.&$!= 4"-%& :7" -$&; !!7"#&%./"-*4"-%&4 %% %%"%%/"&! %4"#$ =$&; !7" /.&! 4 = ,:" 3$!7$& !7$-!= 0 =% !7" 0 !" %"-6$#" -0"- 4-6$%$& : %%"%%/"&! & %.#7 # %" !7" %%"%%$&;
$#"- 3$:: %%"%% !7" ":"#!-$#$!= #&%./4!$& &0 ":"#!-$#$!= #7 -;"% % 4"- !7" 4-#"0.-" ;$6"& $& &&"K.-" J "#!$& !7" #! 0" :% 3$!7 !7" 43"-% !7" ! !" //$%%$&%!/ F"-";.: !$&%! 44" -%!7 !!7"";.: !$&%7 6",""& &!$ $"0,=!7".&2 ,! !":"#!-$#$!=";.: !-=//$%%$&$&!"-/% "#!$& !7" #! $& 37$#7 $! $% %4"#$ $# ::= 4-6$0"0 !7 ! !7"
E -";.: !$&% 7 6" ! ," #&%$%!"&! 3$!7 !7" 4-6$%$&% !7" #! &0 !7" .:"% &0 -" - /"0!# --=.!!7"4-6$%$&% !7"#! "#!$& > !7" #! 0" :% 3$!7 !7" %%"%%/"&! !7" .& .!7-$<"0 .%" ":"#!-$#$!= "#!$& >BC !7" #! 0" :% 3$!7 !7" 4-6$%$& : %%"%%/"&!37$#7$%!,"/ 0"!!7","%! !7"2.0;"/"&! !7" %%"%%$&;
$#"- $& -"%4"#! !7" ":"#!-$#$!= #7 -;"% 4 = ,:" ,= %.#7 4"-%& - ,= &= !7"- 4"-%& ,"&"
$!"0 ,= %.#7 .%"*.& .!7-$<"0 .%" ":"#!-$#$!="#!$& >B C !7"#!4-6$0"%!7 !!7"-0"- 4-6$%$& : %%"%%/"&!$%-"L.$-"0!,"%"-6"0.4&!7"4"-%&37$%$&##.4 !$&- 4%%"%%$&-$ -;" !7"4: #"-4-"/$%"%"#!$& !7"#! 4-6$0"%!7 !B$C!7"4"-%&5&37/ &-0"-7 %,""&%"-6"0.&0"-%., %"#!$& B C5 %7 :: ," "&!$!:"0 - $:$&; ,2"#!$&% ; $&%! !7" 4-6$%$& : %%"%%/"&!,"
-"!7" %%"%%$&;
$#"-B$$C!7" %%"%%$&;
$#"-%7 ::
-0 -" %& ,:" 44-!.&$!= 7" -$&;! %.#7 4"-%& &0 B$$$C !7" %%"%%$&;
$#"-%7 ::4 %% %%"%%/"&!3$!7$& %"-6$#" %.#74-6$%$& : %%"%%/"&! !7"":"#!-$#$!=#7 -;"%4 = ,:",= %.#74"-%& $/$: -:=5";.: !$&> BC !7"";.: !$&%4-6$0"%!7 ! B$C $ !7" %%"%%$&;
$#"- $% %!$:: !7" 6$"3 !7 ! .& .!7-$<"0 .%" ":"#!-$#$!= 7 % ! F"& 4: #"5 7" %7 ::5 !"- 4-6$0$&; & 44-!.&$!= 4"-%& :7" -$&;!!7"#&%./"-*4"-%&54 %% %%"%%/"&!B$$C %%"%%$&;
$#"-%7 ::%4"#$ =!7" /.&!4 = ,:",=!7"#&%./"-*4"-%& 3$!7$&!7$-!=0 =% !7"0 !" %"-6$#" -0"- 4-6$%$& : %%"%%/"&! &0 B$$$C $& %.#7 # %" !7" %%"%%$&;
$#"- %7 :: %%"%% !7" ":"#!-$#$!=
> #&%./4!$& &0 ":"#!-$#$!= #7 -;"% % 4"- !7" 4-#"0.-" ;$6"& $& &&"K.-" $&#"5$!$%# !";-$# ::=4-6$0"0$&"#!$& !7"#!!7 ! !7"! !"//$%%$&%7 6"!/ F"-";.: !$&%$&!7"#! &0!7".:"%5 !7"-"
-"5 : .%" > B#C !7" ";.: !$&% $% :/%! %$/$: - ! "#!$& >BC !7" #! 7" %4$-$! "#!$& >BC !7" #! $% !7 ! ,"
-" 4 %%$&; !7" $& : %%"%%/"&!-0"-5!7""
"#!"04 -!=%7.:07 6" -$;7! ! $:",2"#!$&% ; $&%!!7"4-6$%$& : %%"%%/"&! &03.:0 :%7 6" -$;7! 44-!.&$!= 7" -$&; &0!7" %%"%%$&;
$#"-%7 ::4 %%!7" -0"- %%"%%/"&!3$!7$& %"-6$#" !7"-0"- 4-6$%$& : %%"%%/"&! & !7" 4-"%"&! # %"5 !7" 0 !" !7" -0"- !7" 4-6$%$& : %%"%%/"&! $% (
! $% & 37"-" /"&!$&"0 $& !7" 4"!$!$& !7 ! & 37$#70 =!7"-0"- 4-6$%$& : %%"%%/"&!3 %-"#"$6"0-%"-6"0.4& !7"4"!$!$&"-7"4"!$!$&"- :%0$0&!/"&!$& &=!7$&; ,.!!7" $:$&; ,2"#!$&%5 !7"-"
-"5 $! $% 4-"%./"0 !7 ! !7" ,2"#!$&% 3"-" &! $:"0 7" %%"%%/"&!3 %4 %%"0&G>
37$#7 44 -"&!:=7 % ,""&4 %%"0 !"- 4"-$0 -/!7"4-6$%$& : %%"%%/"&!-0"- 7"L."%!$&!7 !7 %,""&4%"0$&!7",";$&&$&;%7 ::&3," 0"#$0"0 7"-"$%&0$%4.!"!7 !$&!7"0"#$%$&5-"&0"-"0,=!7$%.-!5 $&!7"# %" /$&;7B.4- C /$&;7B.4- C /$&;7B.4- C /$&;7B.4- C!7"4-6$%$&% "#!$& !7"#! -" 7":0 / &0 !-= $& & !.-" ,.! $& !7" % $0 # %" !7" -0"- %%"%%/"&! 3 % / 0" ,= !7" %%"%%$&;
$#"- 3$!7.!
-0$&; &
44-!.&$!= 7" -$&; &0 $! 0$0 &! 0" : 3$!7 !7" $%%." $&6:6"0 $& !7" 4-"%"&!4"!$!$& ! 44" -% -/!7", -"4"-.% : "#!$& !7"#! !7 !!7":";$%: !.-"0$0&! $K &=!$/"4"-$0 -!7""
"#!"04 -!=$"!7" #&%./"-! $:",2"#!$&$"3$!7$&73/.#7!$/",2"#!$&%7 6"!,"
$:"05&!$/"$% :% $K"0,=!7":";$%: !.-" -!7" %%"%%$&;
$#"-3$!7$& 37$#7!7"-" %& ,:"44-!.&$!= 7" -$&;$%!,";- &!"0,.!!$/"7 % ,""& $K"0 -4 %%$&;!7" %%"%%/"&!3$!7$& -/!7" 0 !" %"-6$#" !7"-0"- !7"4-6$%$& : %%"%%/"&! 7.%$!# &,"4-"%./"0!7 !!7""&!$-"4-#""0$&;%3"-"!," # --$"0.!,=!7" %%"%%$&; .!7-$!=0" :$&;3$!7!7" $& : %%"%%/"&!-0"- 3$!7$& 4"-$0 0 =% -/ !7" 0 !" %"-6$#" !7" 4-6$%$& : %%"%%/"&!-0"- , -" 4"-.% : !7" 4-6$%$& : -0"- %%"%%/"&! 0 !"0 (
3.:0%73!7 !!7" %%"%%$&;
$#"-7 0;$6"& 0 =%!$/"! $:" ,2"#!$&% &0 :% $& -/"0 !7 ! !"- & :=<$&; $!% -"4:=5 !7" 4"!$!$&"- 3.:0 ," ;$6"& 4"-%& : 7" -$&;5 $ -"L.$-"05 3$!7$& E 0 =% !7" %.,/$%%$& $!%-"4:= &0!7"-"
!"-!7" %%"%%/"&!3.:0," 4 %%"05 $% !7" "K #! : &;. ;" .%"0 $& !7" 4-6$%$& : -0"-5 37$#7 $% -"4-0.#"0 %.&0"-' I . / =%.,/$!,2"#!$&%5$ &=5 3$!7$& %"6"&0 =% !7"-"#"$4! !7"&!$#" !"- & :=<$&;=.--"4:=,=!7" %%"%%$&;
$#"- $"KKKB0"%$;& !$&C=.3$::,"4-6$0"0 4"-%& :7" -$&;5$ -"L.$-"053$!7$&E0 =%
!7"%.,/$%%$& =.--"4:=$& :-0"- %%"%%/"&!3$::,"4 %%"0&:= !"-=.- 4"-%& :7" -$&;,=!7" %%"%%$&;
$#"-J -/ !7" ,6"5 $! $% #:" - !7 ! !7" %%"%%$&;
$#"- 3 % #&%#$.% ,.!!7"$/4-! &#" !7"!$/"4"-$04-6$0"0.&0"-"#!$& !7"#! & !7" $& : %%"%%/"&! -0"-5 !7"-" $% & -"
"-"&#" &= ,2"#!$&7 6$&;,""& $:"0,.!!7"% /"7 0,""&4 %%"0&G>
!"- !7" "K4$-= 0 =% 0.,! !7 !!7"-"$% & "--- & !7" 4 -! !7" %%"%%$&;
$#"-$&&!4 %%$&;!7" %%"%%/"&!3$!7$&
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
G /=/$&05!7"4"-$0 0 =%4-6$0"0$&!7"#! &0 :% $&!7"";.: !$&%$% -!7"4.-4%" "K4"0$!$&;!7"4-#"0.-" 4 %%$&; !7"-0"- 4-6$%$& : %%"%%/"&! &0 $& : %%"%%/"&! !7".& .!7-$<"0 .%" ":"#!-$#$!= &0! 6$0-"0! 4$%/$&!7"
$#" !7".&2 ,! !" 3"--4- !$&+$/$!"0,.!$!3.:0&!5$& &=# %"5-"&0"-!7"-0"-
$& : %%"%%/"&! %$::"; : 7.% !7" L."%!$& 4%"0 $& !7" ,";$&&$&; $% &%3"-"0 ##-0$&;:= ! !7$% %! ;"5 3.:0 :$F" ! 00 !7 ! !7" %%"%%$&;
$#"-% 0" :$&;3$!7!7"# %"% .& .!7-$<"0.%" ":"#!-$#$!=%7.:03-F3$!7$& !7"!$/" - /"4-6$0"0&!&:=$&"#!$& !7"#!,.! :%.&0"- ";.: !$&> B#C !7"";.: !$&%% %! 6$0!7$%F$&0 :$!$; !$&$&
.!.-" 3.:0 :% :$F" ! 00 7"-" !7 ! !7" .&2 , ! !" 3"- -4- !$& +$/$!"0 / =5 $ % 06$%"05 ! F" 44-4-$ !" 0"4 -!/"&! : #!$& ; $&%!%.#7 %%"%%$&;
$#"-%5 37 -"4 %%$&;!7"-0"-% %%"%%/"&! !"-!7"4"-$0 0 =%5 -0"-":$#!$& !7"$-%! !.!-=0.!= $!7 !7"%" ,%"-6 !$&%5 !7" 4-"%"&! 4"!$!$& $% .&0 ! ," 3$!7.! &=/"-$! &07"&#"!7"% /"$%7"-",=0$%/$%%"0 B99)C B99)C B99)C B99)C
(
7"!7"-%4" F$&;*-" %&"0 '
"%* 7"!7"-"4-! ,:" '
"%*