Sat Narain v. Charan Singh
!"#$!$%&'
!()*+), -
. +/+)+#% 00011!22+%/ 3!)4*4 5+)+%#%65 !41%$!%/ 77777 )6*!$(,&'))*%!5)+-$8"+/!
)/5!+11!22+%/ )!2-$8"+/!
)/5!)!41%$!%/
2+#%/#5+)+%#%65-)!41%$!%/5!)!#%-5+$#2!$+4*#/) 41!"##"1!))9+%"!/5!)!6#4/!)!$+6)!!9!%//4!22$+/!$
:;*+ /5!2+%$#%$#41*/!<5#"5<+4+6)!!$/(!42$= 4:.-
>'1!)+")!- <5!)!(,//+24+2!"%4#$!)+/#%"+9!/ 4- -.
>'/<+4"2+#9!$/5+/+ 4*9 2+"4<+41+#$+4!+)%!4/9%!,+%$144!44#%/5!2+%$<+4 +24$!2#8!)!$//5!12+#%/#+//5!41/%/5!$+/!!?!"*/#%+%$ )!6#4/)+/#%/5!+6)!!9!%/#!
:/5*65/5!4+2!$!!$<+4/(!
!?!"*/!$(,.
@+/!)9+A#%6(+2+%"!1+,9!%/ - -.
>'5!
$!!%$+%/#%/5!9!+%<5#2!-<+4/"2!+)/5!2+%/+A!%%4!"*)#/,/5! $#41*/!$2+%$+%$<+4/1)$*"!B*!4!)/##"+/!B1)#)/!?!"*/#% +%$)!6#4/)+/#%/5!4+2!$!!$
C5!%/5!12+#%/#*%$/5+//5!$!!%$+%/'<%!)<+4*/+%$ *//+2#!%+/!/5!4*#/2+%$+%$<+4/$#4144!44/5!12+#%/#/5!)!)9-+ 4*#/)4!!A#%6+$!")!!1!)9+%!%/#%D*%"/#%<+4#2!$#%"!/5!)!2#! 41!"##"1!))9+%"!5+$(!"9!+8+#2+(2!-<#/5$)+<#%6/5!4+#$4*#/) 1!)9+%!%/ #%D*%"/#%- /5! 4*#/ ) 4!!A#%6 41!"##" 1!))9+%"! /5! +6)!!9!%/<+4/5!%#%4/#/*/!$(,/5!12+#%/#!)!#2#%6/5!4*#/-!8!%+ 2!6+2%/#"!<+44!)8!$%/5!$!!%$+%//5)*655#4"*%4!2%
"+22#%6*1%/5!$!!%$+%//!?!"*/!/5!4+2!$!!$!)8#"!4+#$%/#"! <+4)!*4!$(,/5!$!!%$+%/ 5!$!!%$+%/-%/5!/5!)5+%$-9+A#%6+"%/!4///5+%$ %+#2"2+#9!$/5!$#41*/!$2+%$/(!+%"!4/)+2/5!$!!%$+%/+%$12!+$!$ /5+/4#%"!5!5+$%/5!)2+%$-5!<+4%/#%/!)!4/!$/4!22/5!4+9!/<+4 "2+#9!$/5+/+6)!!9!%//4!22<+4+1)$*"/)+*$+%$9#4)!1)!4!%/+/#% /<+4!?12+#%!$/5+/ +//+%#%65-()/5!)/5!12+#%/#%
.5+$ 6/!?!"*/!$%!+6)!!9!%//4!22#%)!41!"/$#41*/!$2+%$#%5#4+8*) ) + 4+2! "%4#$!)+/#% 4-@.-
>' +%$ /5! 4+2! $!!$ <+4 / (!
!?!"*/!$(,@
:C5!%/5!$!!%$+%/5+$"9!/A%</5!4+#$ +6)!!9!%/-5!5+$9+$!+"912+#%/+6+#%4/ +//+%#%65+%$5+$+4A!$ 5#9)"+%"!22+/#%/5!4+#$+6)!!9!%//#4"2+#9!$/5+/)/5!1*)14!4 "+%"!22+/#%/5!4+#$+6)!!9!%/- +//+%#%65-()/5!)/5!12+#%/# 5+$"2+#9!$/5+/"!)/+#%$"*9!%/4<!)!/(!1)!1+)!$+%$/5*4-/+A#%6 *%$*! +$8+%/+6! /5! $!!%$+%/- /5! 12+#%/# 5+$ 6/ /5! 1)!4!%/ +6)!!9!%/1)!1+)!$*%$!)/5!6+)("+%"!22+/#%/5!!+)2#!)+6)!!9!%/
. )+,!))$#49#44+2/5!4*#/<+49+$! +$D*$#"+/!)#8+2"2+#94/5!1+)/#!4-/5!2<!)"*)/5+$ )+9!$22<#%6#44*!4%
E& C5!/5!)/5!$!!%$+%/5+$!?!"*/!$+%+6)!!9!%//4!22
$+/!$
:#%+8*)/5!12+#%/#%/5!6)*%$4 +4+22!6!$#%/5!12+#%/F
C5!/5!)/5!12+#%/#5+4%2"*4'4/+%$#%)+%,"+*4! +"/#%/#2!/5!1)!4!%/4*#/F
C5!/5!)/5!4*#//5!12+#%/##4/#9!(+))!$F C5!/5!)/5!/5!4*#//5!12+#%/##4%/9+#%/+#%+(2! /5!1)!4!%/)9F .
!2#! . /!))!"!#8#%6)+2+4<!22+4$"*9!%/+),!8#$!%"!)9/5! 1+)/#!4+%$1)8#$#%6+5!+)#%6//5!#))!41!"/#8!"*%4!2-$!"#$#%6+22/5! #44*!4#%+8*)/5!12+#%/#-5#44*#/)41!"##"1!))9+%"!/5! +6)!!9!%//4!22$+/!$
:<+4$!")!!$(,/5!2<!)"*)/"+22#%6 *1%/5!$!!%$+%//!?!"*/!/5!4+2!$!!$#%+8*)/5!12+#%/#+/!) )!"!#8#%6/5!(+2+%"!4+2!"%4#$!)+/#%)95#98#$!D*$69!%/+%$$!")!! $+/!$ :
: 66)#!8!$<#/5/5#4D*$69!%/+%$$!")!!-/5!$!!%$+%/'<%!) +/+)+#%5+$1)!!))!$+%+11!+2%
<5#"5<+4$!"#$!$+6+#%4/ 5#9 %
(, /5! #)4/ +11!22+/! "*)/ 6+#%4/ /5! "%"*))!%/ #%$#%64/5!/<"*)/4(!2<-/5!1)!4!%/)!6*2+)4!"%$+11!+25+4(!!% 1)!!))!$(,/5!$!!%$+%/'<%!)<5!)!#%#/#4"2+#9!$/5+//5!+6)!!9!%// 4!22? <+4)!4*2/)+*$+%$)6!),(*/8!)<5!29#%6!8#$!%"!% /5#4"*%/+8+#2+(2!%)!")$<+4#6%)!$(,(/5/5!"*)/4+%$/5*4- "+*4!$6)+8!1)!D*$#"!//5!$!!%$+%//#4*)/5!)"2+#9!$/5+/%4*)"! 5+4(!!%45<%(,/5!)!41%$!%/'12+#%/#+4/)9<5!)!/5!+9*%/
2+"4<+41+#$(,5#9//5!+11!22+%/'$!!%$+%/%
:/#4+24 +8!))!$/5+/!8!%144!44#%/5!4*#/2+%$"%/#%*!4<#/5/5!+11!22+%/' $!!%$+%/+%$/5!)!<+4%$!2#8!),144!44#%!#/5!)/#4*)6!$/5+/ 41!"##"1!))9+%"!/5!!+)2#!)+6)!!9!%//4!22
.<+4 %!8!)4*65/(, +//+%#%65()/5!)/5!)!41%$!%/'12+#%/#+%$/5#4
"#)"*94/+%"! +2%! <+4 4*#"#!%/ / 1)8! /5+/ +6)!!9!%/ / 4!22
.#%+8*)/5!)!41%$!%/'12+#%/#<+4+)+*$*2!%/$"*9!%/ +4/#6+/#%6/5!#%$#%64/5!#)4/+11!22+/!"*)/#%D*$69!%/ +%$$!")!!$+/!$
-#/#4"+%8+44!$/5+/%#%$!1!%$!%/+11)!"#+/#% +%$!8+2*+/#%!8#$!%"!<+49+$!+%$+#)9+/#%#%$#%64/5! 2<!)"*)/<+49+$!#%+"+4*+29+%%!)/#4*)6!$/5+/<5!%+6)!!9!%// 4!22? $!4%/45<82#/#%+2!?!"*/#%/5!)!-41!"##"1!))9+%"! /5!4+9!"*2$%/5+8!(!!%)$!)!$ @
)$!"#4#%/5#4+11!+2-22<#%64*(4/+%/#+2;*!4/#%4 2+<+)#4!)$!/!)9#%+/#%(,/5#4*)/& C5!/5!)-#%/5!+"/4+%$"#)"*94/+%"!4-/5!+6)!!9!%// 4!22$+/!$
<+41)!1+)!$(,12+,#%6 )+*$%/5!$!!%$+%/'+11!22+%/+%$4+9!#4%*22+%$ 8#$ #% 8#!< /5! 2+< 2+#$ $<% (, /5! %B(2! *1)!9!*)/#%EE
.5)#45/5+<+%34 >45+<)/5!)4GEE 5)*6+28+),+ +#$*34+6+%%+/5 $!+$ (,H 4G
45+%!!%34 )!!/#H+2G
@ +9 )!!/ +$+834 +)$#65"52G
.
: E /+/! 34*),+"5+%$)+ +G
#8#2 3 +11+,++4/),348/ /"G
#8#2
+%/4534+6+/ +9F
C5!/5!)/5!D*$69!%/+%$$!")!!/5!2<!)+11!22+/! "*)/#41!)8!)4!+4/5!"*)/+#2!$/)!!)+%$"%4#$!) /5!)!2!8+%/+%$9+/!)#+2!8#$!%"!2!$(,/5!1+)/#!4F C5!/5!)%%'#2#%6/5!4*#/(, +//+%#%65 ()/5!) /5!12+#%/#')!41%$!%/ )41!"##"1!))9+%"! +6)!!9!%//4!22$+/!$
. ?C> <5#"5 5+$1*)1)/!$2,(!!%!?!"*/!$(!/<!!% +//+%#%65+%$ +/+)+#%'+11!22+%/<5!)!*%$!)/5!4+2!$!!$5+$/(! !?!"*/!$%)(!)!@
:5+8#%6%/(!!%#2!$ +%$%/5!/5!)5+%$+%/5!)+6)!!9!%/$+/!$
:
5+8#%6 (!!% !?!"*/!$ (!/<!!% +/ +)+#%' $!!%$+%/>+11!22+%/ +%$ 5+)+% #%65'12+#%/#>
)!41%$!%/ )!6+)$#%6 /5! 4+9! 8!), 2+%$ ) 2<!) "%4#$!)+/#%%$6#8#%6,!+)4/#9!)!?!"*/#%4+2! $!!$45<4/5+/)+*$<+4"99#//!$F E ?!"*/#%/5!+6)!!9!%//4!22$+/!$
#4 %/$#41*/!$/#4-5<!8!)-"2+#9!$/5+/+)+*$<+412+,!$*1%/5! +11!22+%/ !"!#1/ 2+"4+4!+)%!4/9%!,5+4+24(!!%$!%#!$(,/5! +11!22+%/ /<#/54/+%$#%6/5!+"//5+//5!)!#4"%"*))!%/#%$#%64%+22 /5!#44*!4+6+#%4//5!+11!22+%/)!/*)%!$(,(/5/5!"*)/4(!2<-"*%4!2 )/5!)!41%$!%/5+4*)6!$/5+/!8!%<5!%!8#$!%"!+%$+//!%$#%6+"/4 +%$"#)"*94/+%"!4+)!!8+2*+/!$#%$!1!%$!%/2,!8!%%"!9)!-%!#/5!) )+*$%)9#4)!1)!4!%/+/#%-+4"2+#9!$(,/5!+11!22+%/'$!!%$+%/-#4#% !?#4/!%"!!8!%#%<5#41!)4+%$#/#4*)6!$/5+//5#4+11!+25+4(!!%1)!!))!$ (,/5!+11!22+%/'$!!%$+%/9!)!2,/6+#%/#9!-/5*655+4%9!)#/ C5!%/5!)#8+2"2+#94/5!1+)/#!4+4+24/5!4*(4/+%/#+2 ;*!4/#%42+<%!!$#%6$!/!)9#%+/#%(,/5#4*)/+)!6%!/5)*65#%/5! #%/!)+"! 6)*%$4 /5#4 +11!+2- #/ !9!)6!4 /5+/ %"! !?!"*/#% +6)!!9!%//4!22$+/!$
#4%/$#41*/!$(,/5!+11!22+%/'
$!!%$+%/-5!<+4/1)8!)+*$+22!6!$(,5#9
)+*$<5!%/+A!%+4+6)*%$+//+"A+6+#%4/+$"*9!%/#4/ (!1)8!$2#A!+"5+)6!#%+")#9#%+2"+4!%45)/-!8#$!%"!(!,%$$*(/ #4)!;*#)!$/4*4/+#%4*"512!+)+*$+%$1)!1%$!)+%"!!8#$!%"! <5#"5#4/5!%)9+2)*2!1)#%"#8#2"+4!4-$!4%/52$6$#%"+4! 6)*%$)+*$*11)/#%/5#4)!6+)$9+,(!4*65/)9
!
+%$ " " #
" $ " #
%
!
!)!2,(!"+*4! +//+%#%65-()/5!)/5!12+#%/#5+$!+)2#!) !%/!)!$#%/+%+6)!!9!%//4!22<#/5/5!+11!22+%/'$!!%$+%/%
.
?C> +%$4+2!$!!$<+4/(!!?!"*/!$%)(!)!@
:(*/ %!#/5!)/5!+6)!!9!%/<+4"+%"!22!$%)+%,4*#/)41!"##"1!))9+%"! /5!4+#$+6)!!9!%/<+4#2!$#14'+"/#4%6)*%$/!4/+(2#45)+*$<#/5 /5!+11!22+%/'$!!%$+%/%/!%/#%"*%4!2)/5!+11!22+%//5+/#% +6)!!9!%//4!22
. ?C> -4+2!"%4#$!)+/#%<+4#?!$+/
4-@.-
>'1!)+")!<5!)!+4#%+4*(4!;*!%/+6)!!9!%//4!22 1*)1)/!$ / 5+8! (!!% !%/!)!$ #%/ <#/5 /5! )!41%$!%/'12+#%/#- 4+2! "%4#$!)+/#%#445<%+4 4-:.-
>'1!)+")!/#4*)6!$/5+//5!)!<+4 %""+4#%)/5!4+2!1)#"!/+22#%4#?9%/54 C5!%/5#412!+/5!+11!22+%/'$!!%$+%/#4"%4#$!)!$-#/#4 *%$/5+//5!+11!22+%/'$!!%$+%/5+4%/!8!%<%!$/5!!+)2#!)+6)!!9!%/
. ?C> +22!6!$2,!%/!)!$#%/)4+2!5#42+%$<#/5
+//+%#%65-()/5!)/5!12+#%/# . !)!2,(!"+*4!/5!$!!%$+%/5+4%/5!)2+%$!?"!1//5! 1)!4!%/%!#4%/++"/<5#"5"+%(!"%4/)*!$#%+8*)/5!+11!22+%/' $!!%$+%//5+/5!%!8!)#%/!%$!$/4!22/5!2+%$+%$+)+*$<+412+,!$ *1%5#9 : 5!+6)!!9!%//4!22$+/!$
#4+)!6#4/!)!$ $"*9!%/-$*!!?!"*/#%<5#"55+4(!!%1)8!$(,H+9(!)$+)I*%$+%
+%$ 9 +)A+45
C -/5!+//!4/#%6<#/%!44!4")#(!+6+/#%65 5+4+24!%/!)!$/5!<#/%!44(?+4 C+%$5+41)8!$!%/),? #%5#4 )!6#4/!) <5#"5 #%$!1!%$!%/2, 1)8!4 1+)/#"#1+/#8! +44"#+/#% /5! $!!%$+%/5!)!#4%!8#$!%"!/5!$!!%$+%//)!(*//5#48!)<5!29#%6 !8#$!%"!1)$*"!$(,/5!12+#%/#<!6/5)*65/5!12!+$#%64/5! $!!%$+%/-#/#4"2!+)/5!)!)9/5+//5!$!!%$+%/5+$%!8!)(!!%)!+$,+%$
<#22#%6/1!))95#41+)//5!"%/)+"/<5!)!+4/5!12+#%/#5+4"2!+)2, 1)8!$ 5#4 )!+$#%!44 +%$ <#22#%6%!44 +4 % /5!)!2!8+%/ $+/! #?!$ ) !?!"*/#%/5!4+2!$!!$-5!<+41)!4!%/#%/5!#"! !6#4/)+)+%$5+$ +24$!14!$%+/5+(*/5#41)!4!%"!/5!)!)6!//#%6/5!4+2!$!!$ )!6#4/!)!$<#/5(+2+%"!+9*%/+4+24)9!!/#%6/5!4/+91$*/,+%$ 9#4"!22+%!*4!?1!%4!4+41!)+#$+8#/? !<+#/!$)/5!<52!$+, #%/5!#"!*('
!6#4/)+)-5#<+%#(*//5!$!!%$+%/%!8!)/*)%!$*1 5!)!+/!)-2!6+2%/#"!? .$+/!$
@<+4+244!%/(,/5!12+#%/# //5!$!!%$+%/"+22#%65#9*1%/!?!"*/!/5!4+2!$!!$#%5#4+8*) 8!%#%5#412!+$#%64+4+24#%5#44/+/!9!%/9+$!%+/5+4
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
: +,9!%/ 2+"4<+49+$!+4!+)%!4/9%!,912+#%/ "*2$5+8!(!!%9+$!//5!12#"!(,/5!+11!22+%/'$!!%$+%/+%$"+4! "*2$5+8!(!!%)!6#4/!)!$+6+#%4//5!)!41%$!%/'12+#%/#8!%+"#8#24*#/ )4!!A#%6$!"2+)+/#%/5+/+6)!!9!%//4!22
(!#%6 +22!6!$2,2+"!$<#/5)+*$+%$)6!),<+4%*22+%$8#$(*/%4*"5"#8#2 4*#/<+4#2!$(,/5!$!!%$+%/8!%<5!%/5!4*#/<+4#%4/#/*/!$(,/5! 12+#%/#)41!"##"1!))9+%"!/5!+6)!!9!%/% .
@-/5!9+//!)
! "*2$5+8!(!!%)!1)/!$//5!12#"!)"+%"!22+/#%/5!+6)!!9!%/(, <+,"#8#24*#/"*2$(!4*65/(*/%4*"54/!14<!)!/+A!%!)!%%' #2#%6+4*#/)!?!"*/#%/5!4+2!$!!$1*)4*+%//+6)!!9!%//4!22 $+/!$
.?C>(, +//+%#%65-()/5!)/5!)!41%$!%/'
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
/5!2<!)"*)/+4<!22+4D*$69!%/+%$$!")!! $+/!$
/5!#)4/+11!22+/!"*)/-/5#4)!6*2+)4!"%$+11!+2-(!#%6 $!8#$+%,9!)#/-#4$#49#44!$!")!!45!!/(!1)!1+)!$
J+6*//K C5!/5!) !1)/!)42"+21+1!)49+,(!+22<!$/4!!/5!D*$69!%/F!4
C5!/5!)/(!)!!))!$//5! !1)/!)4)%/F!4 C5!/5!)/5!D*$69!%/45*2$(!)!1)/!$#%/5!#6!4/F!4