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"1.
Whether the plaintiff is entitled to succeed to the extent of 1/3rd share of the suit property alongwith defendants no.1 and 2 being daughters of deceased under the provisions of Hindu Succession Act and the plaintiff thus is owner of 1/3rd share of the suit property? OPP 2.
Whether in the alternative, the plaintiff is entitled to succeed to the entire estate of her father being eldest surviving child? OPP 3.
Whether in the alternative, the plaintiff is entitled to succeed as sole owner under Raja of Faridkot Estate Act, 1948 (Act No.5 of 1948) being senior most living child? OPP
4.
Whether the property mentioned in Annexure A1 is joint family and ancestral coparcenary property and late Raja Harinder Singh had no right to alienate in any manner? OPP 5.
Whether Raja Harinder Singh was governed by Hindu Succession Act which had abrogated custom and plaintiff and defendants no.1 and 2 inherited the property in dispute in equal share according to Hindu Succession Act and plaintiff has become owner of 1/3rd share of the suit property? OPP 6.
Whether the deceased Raja Harinder Singh of Faridkot executed a valid Will dated 1< 6.1982? if so, what is its effect? OPD 7.
Whether the deceased Raja Harinder Singh executed a valid Trust known as Faridkot Rulling Family Housing Trust with the plaintiff and the defendant no.1 and deceased defendant no.2 being sole beneficiaries? If so, what is its effect? OPD 8.
Whether the defendants are liable to render accounts for the period they have managing and receiving income from the properties left by the deceased late Raja Harinder Singh?
OPD 9.
Whether the suit is bad for non<joinder or misjoinder of parties? If so, what is its effect? OPD
10.
Whether the suit is not properly valued for the purpose of Court fee and jurisdiction? If son what is its effect? OPD 11.
Whether this Court has no territorial jurisdiction to try the suit? OPD 12.
Whether the Trust known as "Maharwal Khewaji Trust" is valid legal entity? If so, what is its effect? OPD 13.
Whether the family of Raja Harinder Singh and defendant no.6 Kanwar Manjit Inder Singh in matters of inheritance and succession is governed by the Rule of Primogeniture and in the absence of male lineal child according to custom, brother succeeded to the estate? OPD<6.
14.
Whether Kanwar Manjit Inder Singh defendant no.6 inherited all the immovable and movable properties of late Raja Harinder Singh under the law of Primogeniture? OPD< 6.
15.
Whether according to Article 14 fo the covenants of Pepsu to which later Raja Harinder Singh was signatory, succession was according to law and custom to the Gaddi of each Covenanting States was guaranteed and according to which plaintiff under custom is entitled to inheritance to the estate of Raja Harinder Singh under rule of Primogeniture and the female heirs have no
right to succeed to the property of late Raja Harinder Singh according to custom and rule of Primogeniture? OPD<6.
16.
Relief."
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"It is ordered that suit of the plaintiff Raj Kumari Amrit Kaur is hereby partly dismissed and partly decreed with costs and the Will dated 1<6<1982 is hereby declared as null and void, not binding upon the rights of plaintiff Amrit Kaur. The plaintiff Amrit Kaur is entitled to joint possession to the extent of 1⁄2 (half) share with defendant No.1 Maharani Deepinder Kaur qua the properties fully detailed and described in Annexure A1, except the properties which have been acquired by any State Governments or Central Government. Trust which was constituted on the basis of the alleged Will is hereby declared as non<existent. The defendants are also restrained from alienating, mortgaging, transferring, leasing, encumbering or exchanging the suit property as fully detailed and described in Annexure A1. Annexure A1 be treated as part of decree. Suit being maintained by plaintiff Kanwar Manjit Inder Singh through his legal heir is hereby dismissed with no order as to costs."
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K J (1) There shall be formed, as soon as practicable a constituent Assembly in the manner indicated in Schedule II; and it shall be the duty of that Assembly to frame Constitution of unitary type for the Union within the framework of this Covenant and the Constitution of India and providing for a Government responsible to the legislature.
(2) Until a legislature elected in accordance with the terms if the Constitution framed by it comes into being, the Constituent Assembly as constituted in the manner indicated in Schedule II shall function as the interim legislature of the Union.
Provided that until a Constitution framed by the constituent Assembly comes into operation after receiving the Assent of the Rajpramukh, the Rajpramukh shall have power to make and promulgate ordinances for the peace and good Government of the Union or any part thereof, and any ordinance so made shall, for the space of not more than
six months from its promulgation have the like force of law as an Act passed by the Constituent Assembly; but any such ordinance may be controlled or superseded by any such Act."
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KIt is thus plain that the Ruler of Chattarpur lost none of his sovereignty by integrating his State with other States except to the extent in which it was arranged or redistributed on some of its aspects. It is in exercise of that sovereign power that the Ruler, in the manner indicated above, had set apart the property in dispute as one of his private properties, in the list submitted on July 5, 1948. It is nobody's case that he could not submit such a list on July 5, 1948. Further, it was in exercise of his sovereign as also individual right over his private property, that he transferred the house in dispute to his father<in<law on August 25, 1948. In these circumstances, the suggested Conference which took place later in September, 1949 between him and Shri N. M. Buch, Secretary in the
Ministry of States, New Delhi, evident from letter Ex. P<9 dated January 22, 1950, and the lists Exs. P<10 to P<12, appended therewith, is not of much significance. In the first place, the Ruler denied when appearing as a witness in the trial as having received any such letter or the lists appended therewith, suggestive of the fact that he had reconverted the donated property to be a State property. In the second place, but for the said letter, purportedly issued at a time when the State of Chattarpur had otherwise ceded to the Central Government vide agreement dated January 1, 1950, there was no direct evidence forthcoming for such conference.
In the third place, even if such Conference had taken place in September, 1949, as suggested, the minutes thereof cannot be treated as amounting to a divestiture of the gift made in favour of the father<in<law. Fourthly, the Ruler had no sovereign power towards administering his State which had become part of the integrated United State in terms of Article VI of the Covenant, and during the integration he could not exercise such a sovereign power, so as to take away the property of a private person and treat it as State property because the property in dispute having once vested in the defendant<appellants could not be divested in the manner suggested.
And lastly, there was no raise able question or issue which the Ruler could, while sitting with Shri Buch, decide amicably without the aid of the judicial Officer nominated by the Government entering upon such dispute, because before integration he owned his State and its properties and there could legitimately not arise a dispute as to which was his private property or State property and thus its settlement by a mutual consent did not arise.
Ex. P<9 of Shri N. M. Buch and the lists attached thereto, had the effect of divesting the appellants of the title to the property in dispute in favour of the State with effect from that date. In that strain, factual position having not been denied, the validity of the gift dated August 25, 1948, cannot be questioned on the grounds enumerated in the plaint, due to exercise of sovereign power of the Ruler in the grant thereof at that point of time. Once that is held the claim for damages too caves in. We hold it accordingly."
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"Subject to the provision of Covenant and of the Constitution to be framed thereunder, the Executive Authority of Union of India shall be exercised by the Rajpramukh either directly or through officers subordinate to him, but the Rajpramukh may from time to time consult the Up<Rajpramukh in important matters connected with the administration of Union of India. Nothing in this Article shall prevent the competent legislature of the Union of India from conferring functions upon subordinate authorities or to be deemed to be
transferred to Rajpramukh any factions conferred by any existing law or any Court/Judge, Officer or local or other Authority in a covenanting State"
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The only issue to be decided is whether the properties held by Nawab Raza Ali Khan would devolve on his eldest son by applying the rule of primogeniture or would be governed by Muslim Personal Law (Sheriat) Application Act, 1937 and devolve on all his legal heirs." L>>
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"13.
In the instant case, there was no such declaration by the PEPSU Government recognising the duties and obligations of the rulers of Jind State under the laws of the Jind State. Nor was there a law similar to Ordinance No. 1 of 1948 of Saurashtra continuing the laws of the Jind State. On the other hand, there was Ordinance No. 1 of S. 2005 followed by the Ordinance No. 16 of S. 2005 whereby the laws of the covenanting States were repealed and the laws of Patiala State were made applicable in the entire territory of PEPSU.
Can it be said that in spite of the said ordinances the Jind Service Regulations of 1945 which prescribed 62 years as the age of superannuation was a law in force in PEPSU on the date of commencement of the Constitution and by virtue of Article 372 of the Constitution the said Regulations continued in the Part B State of PEPSU after the coming into fore of the Constitution and in the reorganised State of Punjab under the States Re<organisation Act, 1956 and in the State of Haryana under the Punjab Re<organisation Act, 1966. In our opinion, this question must be answered in the negative.
PEPSU look over the administration of Jind State on August 20, 1948 and on the same date he promulgated Ordinance No. 1 of S. 2005 and by section 3 of the said ordinance all laws, ordinances, acts, rules, regulations, notifications, Hidayate, Shahi<farman having force of law in Patiala State on the date of commencement of the said Ordinance were made applicable mutatis mutandis to the territories of all the covenanting States (including Jind State) and with effect from that date all laws of such covenanting States immediately before that date would stand repealed. Ordinance No. 1 of S. 2005 was followed by Ordinance No. 16 of S. 2005 which contained a similar provision.
As a result of the said ordinances the Jind State Civil Service Regulations of 1945 stood repealed on August 20, 1948 and the relevant law as applicable in the State of Patiala became applicable in the entire area of PEPSU, including the Jind State, and the terms and conditions of the respondent were, therefore, governed by the provisions contained in the law that was applicable in Patiala State and he could not claim any right on the basis of the Jind State Civil Service Regulations 1945."
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"19.
If the provisions of Section 3 of Ordinance No. 1 of S. 2005 and Section 3(1) of Ordinance No. 16 of S. 2005 are construed in the light of the principles laid down by this Court in Bhupendra Kumar Bose (supra), it must be held that the object underlying said provisions was to exclude the applicability of the laws of other covenanting States in the territory of PEPSU by repealing them absolutely and to apply the laws applicable in Patiala State in the entire territory of PEPSU. Since the repeal of the laws of other Covenanting States by Ordinances Nos. 1 and 16 of S. 2005 was intended to be for all time, the expiration of the said Ordinances would not mean that the effect of the said Ordinances regarding on<applicability of the laws of other convenanting States in the territory of PEPSU was nullified on the expiration of Ordinance No.
16 of S. 2005. In view of the express terms used in the said Ordinances it must be held that Jind State Civil Service Regulations 1945 stood repealed absolutely and ceased to have any application after the Raj Pramukh of PEPSU took over the administration of Jind State on 20<08<1948."
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291.
Privy purse sums of Rulers:< (1) Where under any covenant or agreement enterered into by the Ruler, of any Indian State before the commencement of this Constitution, the payment of any sums, free of tax, has been guaranteed or assured by the Government of the Dominion of India to any Ruler of such State as privy purse< (a) such sums shall be charged on, and paid out of, the Consolidated Fund of India; and (b) the sums so paid to any Ruler shall be exempt from all taxes on income.
(2) Where the territories of any such Indian State
as aforesaid are comprised within a State specified in Part A or Part B of the First Schedule, there shall be charged on, and paid out of, the Consolidated Fund of that State such contribution, if any, in respect of payments made by the Government of India under clause (1) and for such period as may be subject to any agreement entered into in that behalf under clause (1) of Article 278, be determined by order of the President. 362.
Rights and privileges of Rulers of Indian States:< In the exercisse of power of Parliament or of the Legistature of a State to make laws or in the exercise of the executive power of the Union or of a State, due regard shall be had to the guarantee or assurance given under any such covenant or agreement as is referred to in *[ * * *] Article 291 with respect to the personal rights, privileges and dignities of the Ruler of an Indian State." "366(22).
"Ruler" means the Prince, Chief or other person who, at any time before the commencement of the Constitution (Twenty<sixth Amendment) Act, 1971, was recognised by the President as the Ruler of an Indian State or any person who, at any time before such commencement, was recognised by the President as the successor of such Ruler;]. 0>>
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"4.
# !8 7 .―(1) Save as otherwise expressly provided in this Act,― (a) any text, rule or interpretation of Hindu law or any custom or usage as part of that law in force immediately before the commencement of this Act shall cease to have effect with respect to any matter for which provision is made in this Act;
(b) any other law in force immediately before the commencement of this Act shall cease to apply to Hindus in so far as it is inconsistent with any of the provisions contained in this Act.
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!&&*= !7 &!& $CThis Act shall not apply to― (i) any property succession to which is regulated by the Indian Succession Act, 1925 ( 39 of 1925), by reason of the provisions contained in section 21 of the Special Marriage Act, 1954 (43 of 1954);
(ii) any estate which descends to a single heir by the terms of any covenant or agreement entered into by the Ruler of any Indian State with the Government of India or by the terms of any enactment passed before the commencement of this Act;
(iii) the Valiamma Thampuran Kovilagam Estate and the Palace Fund administered by the Palace Administration Board by reason of the powers conferred by Proclamation (IX of 1124) dated 29th June, 1949, promulgated by the Maharaja of Cochin."
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"(135).
When the Constitution of India, as the fountain<head of all Statutes, came into force on 26.01.1950, the Farman<i<Shahi dated 18.04.1921 AD read with Sections 3(1) & 5(1) of PEPSU Ordinance No.XVI of 2005 BK unequivocally fell in the category of 'laws' as defined under Article 13(3)(a)&(b) of the Constitution and was in force within the territory of India. >1
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"15.
His Highness the Rajpramukh on 21st of January, 1949, promulgated an ordinance to provide for establishment of High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan, known as "the Rajasthan High Court Ordinance 1949". The Ordinance has been defined under Clause (i) of the Ordinance of 1949, which provides as follows:
1.
Ordinance definition of Clause (51) of Section 32 of the Rajasthan General Clauses Act, 1955 defines the term 'Ordinance as under:
(51) "Ordinance" shall mean and include.
(a) as respects any period before the commencement of the Constitution (i) an Ordinance lawfully made and promulgated by the Ruler or the Government of a covenating State;
(ii) an Ordinance lawfully made and promulgated by the Rajpramukh of the former Rajasthan State in pursuance of the Covenant;
(iii) an Ordinance likewise made and promulgated by the Rajpramukh of the former Matsya State; and (iv) an Ordinance likewise made and promulgated by the Rajpramukh of Rajasthan; and (b) as respects the period after such commencement, an ordinance made and promulgated under and in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution.
(i) by the Rajpramukh upto the 31st day of October, 1956, or (ii) by the Governor on or after the first day
of November, 1956."
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74 (109) Article 13 of the Constitution declares that all 'laws' in force in the territory of India immediately before the commencement of this Constitution which are inconsistent with the provisions of Part<III of the Constitution, shall be void to the extent of such inconsistency. The 'law' within the meaning of Article 13 includes any Ordinance, Order, Bye<law, Rule, Regulation, Notification, Custom or Usage having in the territory of India the force of law. It is mandatory that the preConstitutional laws must conform to the Fundamental Rights. A pre<Constitutional law shall be void if it runs contrary to the Fundamental Rights guaranteed under Part<III of the Constitution though only to the extent of
such inconsistency. The complete Code therefore will not be rendered void and if the inconsistent part is also amended subsequently, so as to remove the repugnancy, then the entire law shall become free from all blemishes.2 The Supreme Court has clarified that the effect of Article 13(1) is not to obliterate the inconsistent law from the Statute Book for all times or for all purposes or for all people. The effect is that the inconsistent law cannot stand in the way of exercise of Fundamenal Rights by persons who are entitled to those rights on the commencement of this Constitution. But such law remains good even after the Constitution has come into force as regards persons who have not been given Fundamental Rights, namely, the aliens.
(110) Article 13(1) though is couched with negative phrases to reinforce the supremacy of Part<III of the Constitution above any other law, nonetheless, this provision by implication, protects the enforceability of all such laws in force in the territory of India immediately before the commencement of this Constitution provided they are not derogatory to Part<III of the Constitution. Article 372(1) sets at rest the doubt, if any, when it declares that "subject to other provisions of this Constitution", all the 'law' in force in the territory of India immediately before the commencement of this Constitution shall continue in force therein until altered or repealed or amended by a competent Legislature or other competent authority. Thus, if a law in force in the territory of India immediately before the commencement of the Constitution is not inconsistent with its Part<III within the meaning of Article 13(1), such law shall continue in force under Article 372(1) subject to its
alteration, repeal or amendment by a competent Legislature or other competent authority. Further, Part<III of the Constitution has no retrospective effect and any action taken under any law which was valid at the time when such action was taken, namely, prior to the enforcement of the Constitution, cannot after the commencement of this Constitution, be challenged as unconstitutional on the score of its infringing any of the Fundamental Rights.
(122) As regards the legal status of Farman<i<Shahi on attainment of Independence by India, it may be mentioned here that the erstwhile Rulers of Faridkot, Jind, Kapurthala, Malerkotla, Nabha, Patiala, Kalsia and Nalagarh entered into a Covenant on 05.05.1948 followed by the Supplementary Covenant dated 09.04.1949 AD to merge and establish as a 'State' of independent India to which they had "already acceded to". All these territories were integrated by the name of "Patiala and East Punjab States Union", namely, the PEPSU State. The Rulers of each Covenanting State handed over the administration of his respective State to the Rajpramukh (Article VI of the Covenant).
(123) Immediate thereupon the PEPSU State issued Ordinance No.XVI of 2005 BK (notified on 15th February, 1949) as amended by Patiala and East Punjab States Union General Provisions (Administration) Amendment Ordinance No.XVIII of 2006 BK (notified on 31st July, 1949), the salient features whereof are as follows:<
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(124) Reference may, at this stage, be made to PEPSU Repealing Act of 2008 BK notified on 09.09.1951. Its Section 2 repealed the enactments specified in the Schedule of the Act without affecting the validity, consequences or anything already done or any past act or thing. The Schedule also included the Patiala and East Punjab States Union General Provisions (Administration) Amendment Ordinance No.XVIII of 2006. The only amendment made in the Ordinance No.XVI of 2005 BK vide PEPSU Ordinance No.XVIII of 2006 was the insertion of subSection (3) in Section 10 so as to enable the Rajpramukh to make Rules for the more convenient transaction of the business of Government, and for allocation of the said business among the Ministers. Section 14 of the Ordinance of 2005 was also amended to confer powers upon the Rajpramukh to regulate the recruitment and conditions of service of a persons appointed to public services etc.
(125) The brief legislative history as narrated above manifests that Farman<i<Shahi dated 18.04.1921 AD was formulated by Ijlas<i<Khas, who was equivalent in status with the present day State Government. The Farman<i< Shahi was issued under the command of the Ruler, who too enjoyed the status and rank of Rajpramukh or Governor of a State in the post Constitution regime.
(126) Farman<i<Shahi was neither amended or repealed nor superseded by any subsequent dictate of equal or superior legal force till the Princely State of Patiala along with other Princely States integrated into the post<Independent State of PEPSU in May 1948. (127) PEPSU State then issued Patiala and East Punjab States Union General Provisions (Administration) Ordinance No.XVI of 2005 (BK) (notified on 15.02.1949) as was amended by PEPSU Ordinance No.XVIII of 2006 (notified on 31.07.1949) (for convenience and in short, referred to as 'the 1949 Ordinance'). The Ordinance was promulgated by the Rajpramukh and as per its Section 3(1), all laws, rules, regulations, bye<laws, notifications made thereunder and all other provisions having the force of law in Patiala State stood applied, mutatis mutandis, to the territories of PEPSU State and all laws in force in the other Covenanting States immediately before that day ceased to have effect.
(128) Section 3(2) & Section 4 of the 1949 Ordinance contained saving clauses with which we are not concerned here. Its Section 5(1) determines corresponding status of the officers, authorities or documents of the Patiala State under the independent India.
(129) The 1949 Ordinance explicitly provides the status of the Ruler equivalent to that of the Rajpramukh of the State (i.e. Governor, at present); and of Darbar or Ijlas<i<Khas equivalent to the Government of State. The word 'Patiala State' was to be construed as the PEPSU State.
(130) It is pertinent to point out that the Princely State of Patiala had also its own codified Patiala General Clauses Act, 2002 BK (Act No.XII of 2002 BK), which was sanctioned by Ijlas<iKhas vide Order No.4107/383< AR<2002 BK dated 05.02.1946. According to Section 3<A of this Act, "When any enactment in force in British India is enforced in the Patiala State, by an order of Ijlas<i< Khas, in the absence of any specific provision to the contrary, the following expressions will be deemed to have been substituted for the corresponding expressions in the British Indian enactmentS". We have purposefully cited this provision to point out that the power to adopt or enforce a law was expressly vested in Ijlas<i<Khas only. (131) Vide PEPSU Repealing Act, 2005 BK which came into force on 09.09.1951, only the PEPSU Ordinance No.
XVIII of 2006 BK was repealed and not the Ordinance No.XVI of 2005 BK. The legal effect of the repeal of Ordinance No.XVIII of 2006 is that it remained no more on the Statute Book, for the amendments brought into force through this Ordinance had already been subsumed in Ordinance No.XVI of 2005 BK and those amended provisions remained unaffected, notwithstanding the repeal of Ordinance No.XVIII of 2006 BK.
(132) Section 4<A read with Section 6 of the Punjab General Clauses Act, 1898, which remained in force till it was repealed by the Punjab General Clauses Act, 1956, used to provide that where any 'Punjab Act' repeals any amendment by which the text of any Punjab Act was amended by the express omission, insertion or substitution of any matter, then, unless a different
intention appears, the repeal shall not affect the continuance of any such amendment made by the enactment so repealed and in operation at the time of such repeal.
(133) Section 2(46) of the above<mentioned 1898 General Clauses Act, as amended from time to time till the year 1951, used to define the expression "Punjab Act" to mean "San Act made by the Lieutenant Governor of the Punjab in Council under the Indian Councils Act, 1861 to 1909, or any of those Acts, or the Government of India Act, 1915, or by the Local Legislature or the Governor of the Punjab under the Government of India Act, or by the Provincial Legislature or the Governor of the Punjab [or by the Provincial Legislature or the Governor of East Punjab under the Government of India Act, 1935, or by the Legislature of Punjab under the Constitution]".
(134) The amended definition of Punjab Act(s) under the Punjab General Clauses Act, 1898 was thus so wide that it included all the PEPSU laws within its sweep. The provisions of the amended Ordinance of 2005, therefore, remained unaffected notwithstanding the repeal of Ordinance of 2006."
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K.......Supreme Court has repeatedly held that the agreement or recognition has nothing to do with the private properties of the Ruler and the guarantee under the agreement is only with regard to the Gaddi of the State and of the Raja's personal rights, privileges, dignities and titles qua a Ruler. The word "estate" in section 5(ii) of the Act must be confined to properties other than private properties of the Ruler. The right to the private properties of the Ruler shall depend on the personal law of succession by which the family is governed. It must, therefore, be held that section 5(ii) of the Act has no application to this case."
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"46.
A Gaddi or rulership and private property have two different connotations even in the merger agreement/instrument of accession. In Article 2 of the agreement, it is clearly mentioned that Nawab would continue to enjoy the same personal rights, privileges, immunities and dignities and other titles which he would have enjoyed prior to the agreement. Conspicuously, the word 'property' or 'personal property' is missing. Article 2 deals only with personal rights, privileges, dignities, etc. Article 3 deals with privy purse which would also be a part of the rulership or Gaddi. Article 6 which deals with succession, guarantees the succession according to law and custom to the Gaddi of the State and to the Nawab's personal rights, privileges, immunities, dignities and title. 7 Rajpal Hindi Shabdkosh, Dr. Hardev Bahri, Rajpal & Sons, Pg.
206 (2018) 8 Oxford Hindi<English Dictionary, Edited by R.S. McGregor, Oxford University Press, Pg.254 (2018) Gaddi would be the 'throne' or 'title' of Nawab in the context in which it has been used and the personal rights, privileges, immunities, dignities and titles will be those referred to in Article 2. The word 'property' is also conspicuously absent in Article 6.
47.
Article 4 states that the Nawab shall be entitled to full ownership, use and enjoyment of all private properties as distinct from State properties. Such properties must belong to him as on the date of agreement. In our view, Article 6 does not relate to the properties mentioned in Article 4 and the private
properties would remain the private properties of the Nawab as a common citizen of the country as held in various authorities referred to above. We have, therefore, no hesitation in holding that on the death of the ruler, Nawab Raza Ali Khan in the year 1966, succession to his private properties was governed by personal laws." 0>1
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"18.
Considerable emphasis was laid for the appellant on Art. XVI of the Covenant under which the Union guaranteed the continuance of the service of permanent members of public services, and this 'was relied on as showing that the rights of the subjects of the
quondam States were intended to be protected. This argument is sufficiently answered by what we have already observed, namely, that a clause in a treaty between high contracting parties does not confer any right on the subjects which could be made the subject< matter of action in the courts, and that the Patiala Union is not bound by it, because it was not a party to the Covenant. It should, however, be mentioned that after the formation of the new State on 20<8<1948, the first legislative act of the sovereign was the promulgation of Ordinance No. 1 of Section 2005, , ereof expressly recognises the rights of the permanent members of public services.
That undoubtedly is a law enacted by the sovereign conferring rights on his subjects and enforceable in a court of law, but at the same time the enactment of such a law serves to emphasise that the Articles have not in themselves the force of law and were not intended to create or recognise rights. In this connection, reference should also be made to clause XVI of the Ordinance which enacts that " the provisions of articles XV and XVII of the Covenant relating to the bar of certain suits and proceedings shall have the force of law."
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! 7* 4 7* G The Nawab shall continue to enjoy the same personal rights, privileges, immunities, dignities and titles which he would have enjoyed had this agreement not been made.
The Ruler of each Covenanting State, as also the members of his family, shall be entitled to all the personal privileges, dignities and titles enjoyed by them, whether within or outside the territories of the State, immediately before the 15th day of August, 1947.
7* / 7* G
(1) The Ruler of each Covenanting State shall be entitled to the full ownership, use and enjoyment of all private properties (as distinct from State properties) belonging to him on the date of his making over the administration of that State to Raj Pramukh.
The Nawab shall be entitled to the full ownership, use and enjoyment of all private properties (as distinct from State properties) belonging to him on the date of this agreement.
The Nawab will furnish to the Dominion Government before the 30th June 1949 an inventory of all the immovable property, securities and cash balances held by him as such private properties.
(2) He shall furnish to the Raj Pramukh before the 20th day of September, 1948, an inventory of all the immovable properties, securities and cash balances held by him as such private property.
Covenant dated 15.05.1949 in Rampur's case = (2 (2 *@,+
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(3) If any dispute arises as to whether any item of property in the private property of the Ruler or State property, it shall be referred to such person as the Government of India may nominate in consultation with the Raj Pramukh and the decision of that person shall be final and binding on all parties concerned.
Provided that no such dispute shall be referable after the 30th June 1949.
If any dispute arises as to whether any item of property is the private property of the Nawab or State property, it shall be referred to a judicial officer nominated by the Government of India and the decision of that officer shall be final and binding on both parties.
7* 6 7* G< The Dominion Government guarantees the succession according to law and custom to the gaddi of the State and to Nawab's personal rights, privileges, immunities, dignities and titles.
(1) The succession, according to law and custom, to the Gaddi of each Covenanting State, and to the personal rights, privileges, dignities and titles of the Ruler thereof, is hereby guaranteed.
(2) Every question of dispute succession in regard to a Covenanting State which arises after the inauguration of the Union shall be decided by the Council of Rulers after referring it to a bench consisting of all the available Judges of the High Court of the Union and in accordance with the opinion given by such bench.
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"The guarantee or assurance to which due regard is to be had is limited to personal rights, privileges and dignities of the Ruler qua a Ruler. It does not extend to personal property which is different from personal rights." E@F >
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"6.S..It is manifest that the right to private properties of the last Ruler depends upon the personal law of succession to the said private properties. The recognition of the Ruler is a right to succeed to the gaddi of the Ruler. This recognition of Rulership by the President is an exercise of political power vested in the President and is thus an instance of purely executive jurisdiction of the President. The act of recognition of Rulership is not, as far as the President is concerned, associated with any act of recognition of right to private propertiesSS" E@5F $G > =! %! !
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"38.
The issue is whether the rulers continued to be rulers after executing the instruments of merger. They had agreed to merge their States with the Indian Union because they were to be paid privy purses and would enjoy certain privileges. They were also entitled to declare some properties to be their private properties. In case of disputes whether the property is private or State property, the Union could refer the dispute for decision to a committee headed by a judicial officer. The rulers were no longer sovereign. There was no paramountcy vested in the rulers. They had no land other than the private properties. They had no subjects. They were rulers only
in name, left only with the recognition of their original title, a privy purse, some privileges, etc.
40.
S.Paramountcy as such was no more as there was no paramount power and no vassal. The Rulers had lost their territories and their right to rule and administer them. They were left only a recognition of their original title, a Privy Purse, their private properties and a few privileges. These rights were the only indicia of their former sovereignty but they enjoyed them by the force of the Constitution although in every respect they were ordinary citizens and not potentatesSS."
41.
The definition of ruler in clause (22) of Article 366 of the Constitution itself shows that the person who is defined as ruler is a former prince, chief or other person, who was, on or after 26.01.1950 recognised as a ruler having signed the covenant of accession. Necessarily, the ruler was a person who was recognised before independence by the British Crown and was the sovereign of his State. Such person, though defined as a 'Ruler', has no territory and exercises no sovereignty over any subjects. He has no attributes of a potentate nor does he enjoy all the powers and privileges which are normally exercised by a potentate. As Justice Shah in the +7 $+#=+"$ $7$ judgment held, "he is a citizen of India with certain privileges accorded to him because he or his predecessor had surrendered his territory, his powers and his sovereignty".
43.
Examples were also given where in cases of disputes, the same were referred to committees comprising of the Chief Justices of the States and erstwhile rulers. However, it is clear that the declaration
under clause (22) of Article 366 relates only to the Gaddi or the rulership and not to the properties which were declared to be private properties by the ruler. 44.
It was contended by Mr. Ganguli that there could be no Gaddi without a property and the properties which were declared to be the private properties were, in fact, attached to the Gaddi and the properties would be of the ruler so declared. We find no force in this submission. These were rulers without any subjects. These were rulers without any territory. These were so called rulers enjoying certain privileges and privy purses. They had been given the choice of declaring certain properties to be their private properties and these private properties could not be said to be attached to the Gaddi. When they were actual sovereigns, their entire State was attached to the Gaddi and not any particular property. There are no specific properties which can be attached to the Gaddi. It has to be the entire 'State' or nothing.
Since, we have held that they were rulers only as a matter of courtesy, to protect their erstwhile titles, the properties which were declared to be their personal properties had to be treated as their personal properties and could not be treated as properties attached to the Gaddi. 46.
A Gaddi or rulership and private property have two different connotations even in the merger agreement/instrument of accession. In Article 2 of the agreement, it is clearly mentioned that Nawab would continue to enjoy the same personal rights, privileges, immunities and dignities and other titles which he would have enjoyed prior to the agreement. Conspicuously, the word 'property' or 'personal property' is missing. Article 2
deals only with personal rights, privileges, dignities, etc. Article 3 deals with privy purse which would also be a part of the rulership or Gaddi. Article 6 which deals with succession, guarantees the succession according to law and custom to the Gaddi of the State and to the Nawab's personal rights, privileges, immunities, dignities and title. Gaddi would be the 'throne' or 'title' of Nawab in the context in which it has been used and the personal rights, privileges, immunities, dignities and titles will be those referred to in Article 2. The word 'property' is also conspicuously absent in Article 6.
47.
Article 4 states that the Nawab shall be entitled to full ownership, use and enjoyment of all private properties as distinct from State properties. Such properties must belong to him as on the date of agreement. In our view, Article 6 does not relate to the properties mentioned in Article 4 and the private properties would remain the private properties of the Nawab as a common citizen of the country as held in various authorities referred to above. We have, therefore, no hesitation in holding that on the death of the ruler, Nawab Raza Ali Khan in the year 1966, succession to his private properties was governed by personal laws." EF B!
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Kthis new Will has been necessitated by the fact that I do not now want to leave any property by Will in favour of my daughter Rajkumari Amrit Kaur Sahiba. I
have considered the future of my all relations and taking all the circumstances into consideration, I have made this my last Will in favour of my two daughters Rajkumari Deepinder Kaur Sahiba and Rajkumari Mahipinder Kaur Sahiba only in equal shares N 0%1 D .
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(a) For purposes of finding out the intended meaning of words actually employed the fundamental rule is to ascertain the intention from the words used, the surrounding circumstances are to be considered. (b) For arriving at a right construction of the Will and to ascertain its language when used by that particular testator, the Court is entitled to put itself into the testator's armchair and is bound to bear in mind also other matters than merely the words used. It must consider the surrounding circumstances, the position of the testator, his family relationship and the probability that he would use words in a particular sense. (c) For arriving at true intention of testator, the Will has to be read as a whole with all its provisions and ignoring none of them. No importance should be attached to isolated expressions given therein.
(d) In arriving at construction every expression would be given some effect rather than to make any of the expressions as inoperative. All the circumstances under which the testator make his Will are to be taken into account.
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"xx xx xx. On the next day of last rites ceremony of my father, S. Umrao Singh gave me some papers which he called the Will of my father which is now under challenge. xx xx xx"
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"xx xx xx. It is further incorrect to suggest that I am deposing falsely. The original Will remained in custody of Miya Umrao Singh till he remained the Chief Executive of Maharwal Khewaji Trust and I do not remember the period and date upto which Umrao Singh remained the Chief Executive of the Maharwal Khewaji Trust. After Umrao Singh, the Will remained in the custody and control of S. Lal Singh, successor Chief Executive. xx xx xx"
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"64.
It has been argued by Mr. Bhandari, Advocate for the appellant in two appeals No.1054 of 2013 titled "Bharat Inder Singh Versus Maharwal Khewaji and others" and Civil Appeal No.1062/2013 "Bharat Inder Singh Vs Meharwal Khewaja Trust and others" that with
regard to the validity of the Will he adopts the arguments advanced by Mr. Khaira, the ld. Sr. Advocate with the additions that one of the executor Mr. R.S. Wahniwal Advocate was in the official capacity of the advisor in the Will but he got impleaded himself as a party in the case and not only appeared as witness in the case but also cross<examined the witnesses of the plaintiff. This itself shows the vested interest of the executor whose role was to end only with delivery of the property to the rightful beneficiary as per Will. Once he himself has come forward at every stage of litigation it shows that in fact it was a fictitious Will which has been prepared to grab the property."
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...... In accordance with the will dated 1<6<82 registered in the office of Sub Registrar Faridkot executed by Colonel Sir Harinder Singh Brar Bans Bahadur, KCSI, Ex. Ruler of Faridkot State, we the following who have been nominated Trustees, Executors and Chief Executive, have assembled and we accept the offices with which we have been invested under the said will. We the trustees have taken over possession, control administration and management of the entire estate left by the deceased.F ; B!
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"...........AND WHEREAS the testator is 93 years of old, but all her faculties are active and functioning property. The testator has a sound, disposing mind. This Will is made by her own free Will without any coercion or undue influence from any quarter. The testator is making this Will considering the over all circumstances prevailing in the family.
...........AND WHEREAS, the testator had two sons namely Maharaja Harinder Singh, erstwhile ruler of Faridkot and Kanwar Manjit Inder Singh. Testator's eldest son late H.H. Maharaja Harinder Singh was extremely well off and owned huge properties. So far as Kanwar Manjit Inder Singh is concerned, the testator is providing his children namely Rajkumari Devinder Kaur and Kanwar Bharat Inder Singh.
...........AND WHEREAS, the grand daughter of the testator Rajkumari Devinder Kaur daughter of Kanwar Manjit Inder Singh is really a deserving person to inherit the bulk of the property of testator. She is serving with testator with utmost devotion and commitment since 1975. She is deeply attached to the the testator. She was in United States, where she was married to a foreigner. She herself was serving in the United Nations. She came to India in 1975 from the United State of America and started residing with the testator and looking after her. She served the testator right from 1975 till date. Unfortunately her marriage has also resulted in divorce. As she has a daughter to be looked after and for all the circumstances, the testator feels that she should be provided adequate relief and hence the necessity of this
Will.
Now by virtue of this Will, the testator bequeath House No.309, Sector 9<D, Chandigarh in favour of said Rajkumari Devinder Kaur daughter of Kanwar Manjit Inder Singh. She will be the actual owner of the said property and deal with it in any manner she likes. The testator owns and possess certain piece of jewellery and testator hereby bequeath her entire jewellery in favour of said Devinder Kaur.
Out of amount of the amount of British Government, the half of the maturity value shall devolve on said Rajkumari Deepinder Kaur.
Testator further ordains the said Rajkumari Devinder Kaur shall also be liable to outstanding balances in the accounts the testator in the State Bank of Patiala, Faridkot and Chandigarh and National Grindley Bank, New Delhi subject to the fact that she would be entitled to half of the British Government as mentioned above.
The testator further wishes that half of the amount of British Government shall devolve on the Bharat Inder Singh son of Kanwar Manjit Inder Singh.
Any residue left out of the aforesaid total estates belonging to the testator shall devolve on Rajkumari Devinder Kaur.
..........The testator further ordains that other than the property and estates mentioned above, any property or estate come her way after execution of this Will she inherits or otherwise, those part properties or assets only
are to be divided equally between (i) Kanwar Majit Inder Singh, (ii) Rajkumari Devinder Kaur and (iii) Kanwar Bharat Inder Singh. In the event of demise of testator' son namely Kanwar Manjit Inder Singh his estate is to be divided equally between Rajkumari Devinder Kaur and Kanwar Bharat Singh. The testator expressly wishes that in the event of demise of Rajkumari Devinder Kaur her share shall devolve on minor daughter of Rajkumari Devinder Kaur namely Harvinder Kaur Alexandra Farinakis."
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(2) Possession of joint property by one co<owner, is in the eye of law, possession of all even if all but one are actually out of possession.
(3) A mere occupation of a larger portion or even of an entire joint property does not necessarily amount to ouster as the possession of one is deemed to be on behalf of all.
(4) The above rule admits of an exception when there is ouster of a co<owner by another. But in order to negative the presumption of joint possession on behalf of all, on the ground of ouster, the possession of a co<owner must not only be exclusive but also hostile to the knowledge of the other as, when a co<owner openly asserts his own title and denies that of the other.
(5) Passage of time does not extinguish the right of the co<owner who has been out of possession of the joint property except in the event of ouster or abandonment.
(6) Every co<owner has a right to use the joint property in a husband like manner not inconsistent with similar rights of other co< owners.
(7) Where a co<owner is in possession of separate parcels under an arrangement consented by the other owners, it is not open to any body to disturb the arrangement without the consent of others except by filing a suit for partition."
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KI give up the relief of consequential relief wherever claimed in the headnote of the plaint and also in the relief clauseN
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"Learned counsel for the plaintiff Sh. Naresh Prabhakar has today made statement giving up the relief of consequential relief wherever occurred in the headnote and prayer clause of the amended plaint. Learned counsel for the defendants seeks adjournment to argue on this statement on the value of the suit for the purpose of court fee and jurisdiction.
To come up for arguments on 08.12.1995."
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That on 09.11.1995 during the course of arguments, the plaintiff counsel made a statement in the Court stating that he was giving up the relief of consequential relief wherever occurring in the headnote and prayer clause of the amended plaint. Then the case was adjourned for consideration of the effect of the said statement.
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