Parbati Das v. Union Of India And 4 ORS
!
"
# $%&'&"
%#& ( )!
"
&
*+,'! #& ------- % ./. '0% %1%$ #%$ 2'*2' % 2!45"* * 2 6 1%$ ! "'
.
' #& #%$ 2'*2 ! #% 6 #&
# " #"7 ( *'&8% ! # " #"7
*+ #& ' ' %9*&93% %
* #&5"* * 2 # %$ $2&8'6% 8%"
#& ( " "
* #& '5%5"* *! # %$
55 ($ ! $ "
& "" ( 4 "
&
*+,'! #& -
---- #%$%
:'# % 3 , 2 $6*
:'#%$% 3 28% 3 8'*';
$6* 3 %&# $6*
' %4$ < = >
'' # %
@ √
)$3 , 2 "%$*&%"## %' # % !"" 3 8'*';
"%$ *&%" ## %'#%$% %$3 %&# "%$ *&%" ## % ' #%$% %$ > % ## ' #%$% $# *""
3 2 8% "%$ ## % ' 0% % 1%$ #%$% '& $' %'
# % '0% % 1%$ %%*2#2
'*!'
*'&%$ #&$'''& %$ ' # % !'
" *& % $!% "9%& "**&$!
'') '% % )"
%%$&**& $ $'%?
?
1' %"#"*$%*$'' '& %$ %"2
# %*$*$ $*#" % ' % 3% ' 5% 5"* * ! # % $ 55 ($ '
%')"
%'# %%$
' '& %$ ! ##'%$ % ' $!
% &# ' ) %6' '$"%$ %2 $% '&" &*'"!! %%A <%$ ' %""$ ' % * % !'6 ! B% %$ &" "2 % "**&$ ' # %C '& %$ $ $ !'
" *& % '
"9%& 1 " % $ #&$ ' % * &%%&"$'!#$%$*$$&%$* %A '
6 $ "
& 0D <D ? % ' "
&#"
* % ' %"#!" "$'
%6 % ! *#" 2 ' ( * 1%9*' "
& #"
* %% ?
:' $ %"# *%
'$&%$+ !"#$%& $%'()*$&+*$,% )(-. '$)$*(/ *0(
1 (2+3$%(/ 4$*%()) +%/ .#,3 *0( 4$*%()) $*) #('(+-(/ *0+* ,% 55 +* +6,"* 0#) 0$-( )+$/ $-$7 +) 1 8 9 +3$#+% +) ,.
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
' ' %" # $$ ? '
%6 % ' &%%&" $'C * ' * % %$ '# %!
'& %%2& &%$':" ** $%* '##*'$'
*&%$'##*''
%$ &"2'# $"
% 1*%% $% $ ' % ### * '
*& *% 7* ;& $ * % &%$ *" = ' % & % 1%$ $ % %%$$*" % &"
2 &*'$&%$' ;& $ * % *" =' % & %*%%"2 $ !'%'*%$ #&$ % ' # %C *" ' #%$% ' #& ' & $ ' ' $' ' B% #"*%"
%*'$*$'!%%*& % !
'& B % ' #& 5"* * 2 # % $ 'E5 C '& %$!%'"* * 2&##"2 % ' ) "
% &" !'% ' ""$ ' &#%$$6'"
6)"
% *& %'* *& %$'! &%$$$!'%! &''"
&'# "
1'
%&"2&$''*%% $"
"&*' $' %%2%% ""2 '5 2 %% $6 '*%%$$' *& %'%'"
6"* *
%'$*$
# $ $%B'& %$!%'"
% '5 %2 * > 56%'0% %1%$ ' "$'*&%9 $6 %"2"
$#&#'!''0% %1%$ % %*2#2 %' % '' ) "
% %' %% ' % %2 %% *%%*$ ' #%$% = 82 %# $6 9 %9## % '' 5%5"* *! # %$ 'E55 ($ C ' * *""2 $ ' ' ! $ %$ ' 55 ( $ !#*# %'6 %$ %% %$ '2 % % ' *%" %$ %% ' "* * %
% $
& % ) "
% % ' "
& % !''** $%B#"*%$&*''2"% %*2#2 %%!2'2$'6%2 %6"6%!
' '%%')"
% 3 , 2 "%$ *&%" &## ' * ' # % ' $ $*
% ' #7 *& % -(:*#$:$*;,+#/>) 0+$-?"3+#$ #) #$ % @ !' ' %'"$'+ 0( #$'; ,"%:$- 0+) ,6)(#'(/ $% A"(6(:
-;1$&0*1(+*+%/ ,4(#,*/'>+%/#;*0+* *0(:,37+%;)"77-;$%&(-(:*#$:$*;$)-$+6-(.,#*0( >
/+3+&( 4$*0,"* 7#,,. *0+* *0(; 0+/ 6((% %(&-$&(%*'(%*0(/(.(%:(*0+**0(:+6-()4(#( /$)#"7*(/,%+::,"%*,.+'$,-(%*4$%/+%/0$&09 *(%)$,% :"##(%* .,"%/ $*) 4+; *0#,"&0 *0( -,49 *(%)$,% :+6-( $%*, *0( 7#(3$)() ,. *0( #()7,%/(%*) 4+) 0(-/ *, 6( %,* + B")*$.$+6-( /(.(%:( 0")1 3(#(-; 6(:+")( *0( $--(&+- +:* :,"-/6(+**#$6"*(/*,+)*#+%&(#$)%,*(%,"&0*, +6),-'( *0( -$+6$-$*; ,. *0( ,+#/ #(&+#/$%& *0( -$'(4$#(-;$%&,%*0(#,+/ F5#' &##"
$G '
# %* #" %$& ##"
* " %*!' ' * "
2 %&%* $ % ' *" $ *
;-+%/)') -(*:0(# #$ %C@C C@9 D (7 "6% < : ' ' $ 3 8'*';
"%$ *&%" ## % ' #%$% #"* % #6 & $*
% ' #7*& %0+$#3+%1 #$/,#7,#+*$,%,. #$))+ */ #) >) "<+3+%$ +) %# #$ %555D 5C '& $' %7* #! &%$ *" = ' % & % 1%$ " * '&"$ % $;&$ *$ 2 ' ) ' & 1% 0+$#3+%1 #$/ ,#7,#+*$,% ,. #$))+ */ #) >) "<+3+%$ +) %# ' % &** %*"2 6$'+ !0($&0,"#*4(%*4#,%&$%7#,:((/$%&,%*0( 6+)$)*0+*+)*0(/(+*0)0+/*+<(%7-+:(6(:+")( ,. (-(:*#,:"*$,% +) + #()"-* ,. *0( /(:(+)(/ :,3$%& $%*, :,%*+:* 4$*0 )%+77(/ -$'( 4$#() ,. =
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
#+$)$%& *0(3 +%/ *0+* *0(#( 4+) %, )"6)*+%:( *0(#($% 0( $&0 ,"#* )0,"-/ 0+'( /$#(:*(/ *0( 4#$* 7(*$*$,%(#) *, +77#,+:0 *0( $'$- ,"#* +) $* 4+) /,%($% ,G5,.
$G ?
1% #% ' 3 2 "%$ *&%" ## % ' # % ' $ $*
% ' &' ) ' & % *+*(,.+%$7"# #)>)"#$-"%& ?+3($ #$ %@ CGC !''&' ) '
& '6 % $ ' $*
% %$$ % 0+$#3+%1 A
#$/ ,#7,#+*$,% ,. #$))+ */ #) >)
"<+3+%$ +) %# ' %*%$$
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
+ 0"3+% 6($%&1 40, &(*) "%<%,4$%&-; *#+77(/ $%*, $* *0( 7#$3+#; -$+6$-$*; *, :,37(%)+*( *0( )"..(#(# $) *0+* ,. *0( )"77-$(# ,. *0( (-(:*#$: (%(#&; , -,%& +) *0( ',-*+&( ,. (-(:*#$:$*; *#+%)3$**(/ *0#,"&0 *0( 4$#() $) 7,*(%*$+--; ,. /+%&(#,") /$3(%)$,% *0( 3+%+&(#) ,.
)"77-; 0+'( *0( +//(/ /"*; *, *+<( +-- )+.(*; 3(+)"#() *, 7#('(%* ():+7( ,. )":0 (%(#&; ,# *, )(( *0+* *0( 4$#( )%+77(/ 4,"-/%,*#(3+$%-$'(,%*0(#,+/+)")(#) ,. )":0 #,+/ 4,"-/ 6( "%/(# 7(#$- * $) %, /(.(%:( ,% *0( 7+#* ,. *0( 3+%+&(3(%* ,. *0( ,+#/ *0+* ),3(6,/; :,33$**(/ 3$):0$(. 6; )$70,%$%& )":0 (%(#&; *, 0$) 7#$'+*( 7#,7(#*; +%/ *0+* *0( (-(:*#,:"*$,% 4+) .,#3 )":0 /$'(#*(/ -$%( * $) *0( -,,<,"* ,. *0( 3+%+&(#) ,. *0( )"77-; );)*(3 *, 7#('(%* )":0 7$-.(#+&( 6; $%)*+--$%& %(:())+#; /('$:() * +%; #+*(1 $. +%; -$'( 4$#( &,* )%+77(/ +%/ .
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
*0( %(&-$&(%:( ,# .+"-* $% *0$) 4+; $( *0( :,%:(7*,.%(&-$&(%:(:,37#(0(%/)*0+**0( .,#()((+6-(0+#3:,"-/6(+',$/(/6;*+<$%& #(+),%+6-(7#(:+"*$,%).*0(/(.(%/+%*/$/ +--*0+*40$:0:,"-/6(/,%(.,#+',$/$%&*0( 0+#3 0( :+%%,* 6( 0(-/ -$+6-( 40(% *0( +:*$,% $) 6+)(/ ,% +%; %(&-$&(%:( +**#$6"*(/ "* )":0 :,%)$/(#+*$,% $) %,* #(-('+%*$%:+)(),.)*#$:*-$+6$-$*;40(#(*0( /(.(%/+%* $) 0(-/ -$+6-( $##()7(:*$'( ,.
$G ?
'&" *"
2' %""!$ %1%$ % %2"
$*
% '#7*&'##"
$' $&" * "
2 ##&%$$ % ;-+%/) ' -(*:0(# 6% &%$ ' ;& $ * % *%$
2 *" = '
% & %1%$ !''%"
%*' % '$ 1%'
* %'*% $$# % %'
*& '# %* #" *"
2*%%'6%2" %&*' %%"
%* %'5 % '' %#"$$% ' % '$ % '
# % &*' ' $*
% $ 2 3 2 "%$ *&%" % %* % &##'*" '# % #' %*& %2 '$*&%*'$'! # % '
*& &% " %$&%2%"
%* 56%%2 % %% *" ' % & % 1%$ *% "*$ #&# % % ' *#% % &%$ ' #& * "! $2 )!6 " ' % %*"$ !
' ' ! # % '!''55 ($ !##*'$'
%') % & ' 55 ( $ ! % ' ## &' 2 &*' 6%'55 ($ *%% $"
"' $ &%&%$'**&$''& %$'# %
)6 %$""'#*%$*#" %* %"
%* ' &' 2
%9*' ' %
% *%% '"$ #%
" %"
%* %$ % %*%2$ *"#'&' 2#%
"' %
% ' *"
2# %* #"*%%" ##"
$
%'*%$'%*'
! # % %$6 $ $ $ )!6 # %!
''*$ '
*&
%"'*&H& 2 $ *'#%$% %$ > 6& &#%"B''# % ' $' ' '& %$ B%!% * ' ' $ %2#%6%'&'*%##'%$$% &"!2 *%% 7#*$ 7*
% $& %$ $H& *& %
'% ' ) ' % % "
% $!% &# 6 ' '$ "%$ % %2'
% &%!$ 2 **& 6% '&' ' % %"
%* (% ' '&% % *% $ % '
# % ! #%
2 B $ # ' $' "2'&$ ' $&%
# $ !
'
% # $ ' %' $2 1 % # $ !
'
% ' #&"$ # $ ' !&"$ *2 % I J#%%& ""'7 &% # $
1%'&" '
! # % $ $ & ;* '$ * %#2%7 ''"" %$ * *#2'
$ &% '$3 %&# "%$*&%"## %'#%$% %$> %!$%
%
(@D
#'